THE  LIBRARY  OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF 

NORTH  CAROLINA 

AT  CHAPEL  HILL 


THE  COLLECTION  OF 
NORTH  CAROLINIANA 

PRESENTED  BY 

Alsbrook  McCall 


C378 

UK3 

1859H.1 


UNIVERSITY  OF  N.C.  AT  CHAPEL  HILL 


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THE  NORTH  CAROLINA  COLLECTION 


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in  2010  with  funding  from 

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http://www.archive.org/details/fiftyyearssinchoop 


FIFTY  YEAKS  SINCE: 

AN  ADDRESS, 


DELIVERED    BETOKE    TUB 


ALUMNI  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA, 

ON    THE    7TH    OF    JUNE,     1859, 

(bEIXG    the    day    before    the    annual    COMirENCEMENT.) 

BY 

WILLIAM    HOOPER, 

ONE    OF    TUE    EOCIETV    OF    ALUMNI. 


Forsan  et  base  olim  niemiuisse  juvablt. 

ViRQ. 

Think  ofl,  ye  brethren- 


Think  of  the  gladness  of  our  youthful  prime ; 
It  cometh  not  again — that  golden  time. 

Motto  to  Student  Life  in  Geruastt, 


SECOND      EDITION 


CHAPEL      HILL: 
PUBLISHED  BY  JOHN  B.  NEATHERY. 
1861.    . 


FIFTY  YEARS  SINCE: 

AN  ADDRESS  BEFORE  THE  ALUMXI  ASSOCIATION  OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA, 

BY  .     i 

WILLIAM   HOOPER,  D.  D.,  LL.  D., 

June  1st,  1859. 


Brothers  of  the  Alumni — 

Literary  Children  of  one  Alma  Mater: 

We  come  together  at  this  annual  festival,  to  salute  and  congratulate 
each  other — to  look  back  on  the  past  and  compare  it  with  the  present — 
to  gratify  an  honest  pride  in  contrasting  the  feeble  and  sickly  infancy  of 
our  literary  mother  with  her  present  vigorous  maturity,  and  to  breathe  a 
common  filial  prayer  that  that  vigorous  maturity  mayafcg  flourish,  and 
not  soon  be  succeeded  by  a  languishing  old  age. 

Two  years  ago,  I  delivered,  at  another  College,  what  I  expected  would 
be  my  final  ofiiering  at  the  shrine  of  the  muses;  but  since  the  committee, 
representing  the  public  opinion,  have  not  consented  to  give  me  a  dis- 
charge from  this  mode  of  paying  a  debt  of  filial  gratitude,  I  submit  to 
their  dictation,  being  glad  to  receive,  in  such  appointment,  their  flattering 
attestation  that  they  yet  detect'  no  mark  of  senility  disqualifying  me  for 
appearing  before  a  commencement  audience,  and  especially  the  audience 
of  1859,  so  highly  honored  by  the  presence  of  the  chief  magistrate  of 
the  republic.  1  am  proud  to  find,  from  two  astrocomical  observations, 
that  Chapel  Hill  lies  right  in  the  orbit  of  Jupiter  and  his  satellites,  and 
that  the  period  of  his  revolution  is  about  twelve  years.  I  beg  the  pro- 
fessor of  astronomy  here  to  make  this  entry  in  his  Epliemeris,  and  to  look 
out  for  the  recurrence  of  the  same  phenomenon  about  1871;  if  indeed, 
at  that  time,  the  head  of  this  great  republic  be  fitly  symbolized  by  that 
glorious  planet,  and  be  not  shivered,  ere  that  cycle  rolls  around,  by  some 


% 


disastrous  concussion,  into  a  score  of  nameless  asteroids.  May  heaven 
avert  the  omen !  Had  I  said  this  at  the  city  of  Washington,  and  were  I  some 
quarter  of  a  century  younger,  his  Excellency  might  consider  this  exordi- 
um as  the  prelude  to  some  application  for  office ;  but  on  an  academical 
jubilee  like  this,  and  from  a  speaker  bordering  on  three-score  and  seven, 
he  will  receive  it,  I  trust,  only  as  the  cordial  and  sincere  expression  of 
that  rejoicing  which  we  all  feel  at  the  honor  of  this  visit.  Yes,  a  truce 
from  office-seeking  here  at  least.  We  are  glad  to  find  that  the  President 
has  survived  that  period  of  vexatious  importunity — that  crown  of  thorns 
which  every  President  is  obliged  to  wear  on  his  first  accession — and  that 
he  is  likely,  from  present  appearances,  to  serve  his  country  for  many 
years  to  come. 

I  believe  it  is  expected  of  the  speaker  to  the  Alumni  that  he  shall  en- 
tertain them  with  reminiscences  of  persons  and  things  long  gone  by — the 
longer  the  better.  Hence  the  selection,  for  this  year,  of  your  humble 
servant,  there  being  very  few  now  surviving  who  can  number  half  a  cen- 
tury from  their  graduation.  And  although  I  am  neither  a  bachelor  nor 
a  widower,  and  therefore  have  no  interest  in  making  myself  out  younger 
than  I  am  with  my  fair  auditors,  yet  I  will  merely  hint  to  this  benevolent 
assembly  that  although  it  is  just  fifty  years  since  I  got  my  sheepskin,  I 
was  then  in  my  prsRtcxta,  and  had  not  yet  put  on  the  toga  virilis.  I  shall, 
however,  be  happy  if  I  get  through  the  task  of  this  day  without  extorting 
from  some  of  my  hearers  the  exclamation  of  the  Ptoman  satirist :  <'  The 
old  steed  is  broken  down;  take  him  from  the  turf  before  he  disgraces 

himself"  * 

Particularly ||ight  my  friends  be  anxious  about  me  now  as  having  to 
perform  my  pa^ of  the  duties  of  this  occasion  after  the  display  of  this 
mornina;.  I  assure  them  that  I  feel  a  great  degree  of  tranquility  in  that 
very  consideration  which  they  might  deem  a  just  cause  of  agitation  and  dis- 
quietude, to-wit:  That  I  am  succeeding  the  orator  0/  the  day.  "  I  am  no 
orator  as  Brutus  is."  Upon  him  I  roll  the  responsibility  of  supplying  all 
the  eloquence  due  to  the  day.  His  shoulders  are  well  able  to  bear  the  bur- 
den ;  while  to  me  remains  only  the  easier  part  of  the  master  of  ceremonies, 
to  announce  to   the  audience — "Ladies  and  gentlemen,  the  concert  is 

over."  f 

When  I  look  back  through  the  vista  of  those  fifty  years  and  bring  be- 
fore my  "mind's  eye"  the  long  train  of  alumni  who  have  risen  to  emi- 
nence and  adorn  their  country,  both  at  home  and  abroad,  I  may  be  in- 


*  Solve  senescentem  mature  sanus  equum  ne 
Peecet  ad  extremum,  ridenclus. — Hor. 

t  This  paragraph  was  added  after  hearing  the  splendid  speech  of  Mr.  Mc- 
Rae  in  the  forenoon. 


I^.'^JV 


dulged  in  something  of  a  spirit  of  glorying,  if  as  a  professor  of  the  Uni- 
versity, I  have  had  any  share  in  the  formation  of  these  ornaments  of  the 
republic.  I  confess,  when  I  look  over  the  catalogue  of  graduates,  and 
see  so  many  laureled  heads  into  which  it  was  my  lot  to  pack  a  portion  of 
useful  knowledge,  I  am  elated  with  a  little  of  that  pride  which  swelled 
the  breast  of  the  mother  of  the  gods  on  Mount  Olympus,  as  she  looked  at 
her  children  around  her  : 

See  all  her  progeny,  iUustrious  sight ! 

Behold  and  count  them,  as  they  rise  to  light; 

She  sees  around  her  in  the  blest  abode, 

A  hundred  sons,  and  every  son  a  god ! 

I  have  said  that  it  is  perhaps  expected  of  the  alumni  address,  that  it 
shall  entertain  you  with  reminiscences;  and  I  hope  I  shall  not  be  too  se- 
verely judged,  if  in  preparing  this  entertainment,  I  looked  forward  to  a 
hot  day,  a  crowded  house,  and  a  great  deal  of  grave  business — all  which 
anticipations  warranted  me  in  the  selection  of  reminiscences  of  an  amus- 
ing, as  well  as  of  an  instructive  kind.  Indeed,  a  retrospect  of  Chapel 
Hill  antiquities,  so  far  back  as  half-a-century,  must  needs  bring  up  many 
a  scene  of  so  comic  a  nature, 

That  to  be  grave,  exceeds  all  power  of  face, 
lu  telling  or  in  hearing  of  the  case,. 

The  first  of  the  "Waverly  novels  was  entitled  "  Sixty  Years  Since,"  which 
serves  as  a  dat^  to  the  origin  of  those  wonderful  compositions.  My  tale 
shall  be  entitled  "  Fifty  Years  Since,"  though  some  of  my  story  will  em- 
brace incidents  within  fofty  years  of  the  present  date ;  and  if  it  fall  (as 
of  c'ourse  it  will)  infinitely  below  that  of  the  renowned  Sir  Walter,  in  all 
other  respects,  it  will  rise  above  him  in  one;  that,  whereas  most  of  his  is 
fiction,  mine  is  sober  fact.  At  least,  I  intend  it  to  be  so:"  But  it  may  be 
with  me  as  it  was  with  Boswell  in  his  celebrated  ''Life  of  Dr.  Johnson." 
He  tells  us  that  it  was  his  habit,  after  being  in  company  with  his  hero,  to 
go  immediately  to  his  lodgings  and  record  the  sayings  and  doings  of  the 
Doctor,  at  once,  while  they  were  fresh  in  his  memory ;  but  that  somc^ 
times,  when  circumstances  interfered,  the  facts  lay  on  his  memory  for  a 
day  or  two,  and  that  he  thought  the//  were  the  letter  of  it — as  tliey  had  a 
chance  to  grow  mellow  ! 

I  hope  that  if  any  of  my  co-evals  are  present,  who  can  look  back  as  far 

into  our  antiquities  as  myself,  they  will  not    have  occasion  to  say,  when 

they  hear  some  of  my  recitals :  "  There  is  a  fact  that  has  grown  mellow 

in  his  memory,"  or  to  compare  me  with  the  aged  harper  in  Scott's  Lay  of 

the  Last  Minstrel : 

"Each  blank  in  faithless  memory  void. 
The  poet's  glowing  thought  supplied." 

It  is  my  part  then,  to-day,  to  go  back   to  the  very  increnahnla  of  our 

college — the  cradle  of  its  infancy,  and   to   call  up  recollections  of  some 


wlio  rocked  that  cradle.  And  I  dare  say  while  I  am  telling  the  story  of 
the  poor  and  beggarly  minority  of  our  alma  mater,  some  of  her  proud, 
saucy  sons  of  the  present  generation  will  smile  scornfully  at  the  humility 
of  our  origin.  When  I  tell  them  that  the  classes  of  President  Polk, — of 
Governors  Branch,  Brown,  Manly,  Morehead,  Mosely,  Spaight — of  Judges 
Murphey,  Cameron,  Martin,  Donnell,  Williams,  Mason,  Anderson;  of  Sen- 
ators Jlangum  and  Haywood — of  Drs.  Hawks,  Morrison,  Grreen,  and  of 
many  other  graduates  forty  years  back,  eminent  for  merit  though  not 
holding  olSce — when  I  tell  the  proud  collegians  of  the  present  day,  that 
these  men  came  out  of  classes  consisting  of  nine,  ten,  fourteen,  fifteen,  the 
largest  twenty  one, — -they  will  set  up  a  broad  laugh,  and  think  how  poor 
a  figure  a  class  of  ten  or  fifteen  must  cut  on  a  commencement  day ;  and 
one  will  say  ;  "  Why  I  graduated  with  seventy-five, "  and  another  :  "  I  with 
one  hundred,"  and  another:  "I  with  a  hundred  and  ten."  Well,  I  know 
bf  no  better  way  to  shelter  myself  from  the  storm  of  your  ridicule,  than 
by  telling  you  a  story.  "  Once  upon  a  time,"  says  -5^1sop,  "a  fox  brought 
out  her  whole  brood  of  little  foxes,  and  paraded  them  before  the  lioness, 
and  said :  '  Look  here  !  see  what  a  family  I  have,  whereas  you  have  but  onel' 
'I  know  said  the  queen  of  beasts  that  I  bear  but  one  at  a  time,  but  then 
he  is  a  lion  !^ "  I  would  also  remind  you,  ^uug  classics,  of  the  story  of 
Niobe  who  boasted  of  her  twelve  children,  and  crowed  over  Latona,  who 
had  only  two ;  but  then  Latona's  children  were  the  sun  and  moon  !  For- 
give, young  gentlemen,  these  boastings  of  an  old  man.  You  know  it  is 
the  characteristic  of  such  a  one,  to  overrate  the  past,  and  underrate  the 
present.  But  I  trust  I  am  sufficiently  sensible  of  the  vast  advances  made 
in  all  things  at  Chapel  Hill  since  my  day,  to  do  full  justice  to  the  present 
age.  You  have  turned  the  wild  into  a  garden.  You  have  substituted  for 
the  meagre  bill  of  fare  Avith  which  our  minds  were  obliged  to  content 
themselves,  a  table  rich  in  all  the  stores  of  learning  which  a  half-century 
of  unexampled  progress  has  heaped  upon  it.  I  hope,  therefore,  when  I 
roll  back  the  volume  of  our  college  history,  and  show  you  "  the-  day  of 
small  things, "  you  will  not  despise  too  much  our  petty  number,  our  hum- 
ble accommodations,  our  rude  manners,  our  hard  fare,  our  scanty  rations 
and  our  limited  curriculum  of  studies.     Let  not 

Grandeur  hear  with  a  disdainful  smile, 
The  short  and  simple  annals  of  the  poor. 

When  I  first  knew  Chapel  Hill  in  January,  1804,  the  infant  University 
was  but  about  six  years  old.  Its  only  finished  buildings  were  What  are 
now  called  the  East  Wing  and  the  Old  Chapel.  The  former  was  then 
only  two  stories  high,  capable  of  accomodating  one  tutor  and  sixty  stu- 
dents by  crowding  four  into  a  room.  The  faculty  consisted  of  three  : 
President  Caldwell,  Prof.  Bingham,  and  Tutor  Henderscn.     Their  college 


titles  were  '^OldJoe,"  "  Old  Slick"  and  "Little  Dick."  "Old  Joe/' 
lioweyer,  was  only  thirty  years  of  age  and  possessed  (as  you  shall  hear  in 
the  sequel)  a  formidable  share  of  youthful  activity.  ''Old  Slick"  de- 
rived his  cognomen,  not  from  age  but  from  premature  baldness,  and  the 
extreme  glossiness  of  his  naked  scalp.  And  "  Little  Dick,  "  a  cousin  of 
the  late  distinguished  Judge  Henderson,  though  he  had  a  brave  spirit,  was 
not  very  well  fitted  by  the  size  of  his  person,  to  overawe  the  three  score 
rude  chaps  over  whom  he  was  placed  as  solitary  sentinel.  As  a  nursery 
of  the  college  there  was  a  preparatory  school,  taught  by  Matthew  Troy  and 
Chesley  Daniel.  All  things  were  fashioned  after  the  model  of  Princeton 
College,  and  that  probably  was  fashioned  after  the  model  of  the  Scottish 
universities,  by  old  Dr.  Witherspoon.  If  this  were  the  case,  it  would 
seem  to  account  for  the  small  quantum  of  instruction  provided  for  us,  if 
Dr.  Johnson  spoke  the  truth  when  he  said  of  Scottish  education,  that 
"there  every  body  got  a  mouthful,  but  nobody  got  a  belly-full.  "  Into  this 
preparatory  school,  it  was  my  fortune  to  be  inducted,  a  trembling  urchin 
of  twelve  years,  in  the  winter  of  1804.  It  was  then  a  barbarous  custom 
brought  from  the  North,  to  rise  at  that  severe  season  of  the  year  before 
day-light  and  go  to  prayers  by  candle-light;  and  many  a  cold  wintry  morn- 
ing do  I  recollect,  trudging  along  in  the  dark  at  the  heels  of  Mr.,  after- 
wards Dr.  Caldwell,  with  whom  I  boarded,  on  our  way  to  the  tutor's  room, 
to  wait  for  the  second  boll.  In  that  year  I  read  Sallust's  War  of  Jugurtha 
and  Conspiracy  of  Cataline,  under  the  tuition  of  Mr.  Troj^,  of  whom  my 
recollections  are  affectionate,  for  he  was  partial  to  me,  and  taught  me  well 
for  those  times.  But  I  can  recollect  some  of  u-y  classmates,  grown  young 
men,  upon  whose  backs  he  tried  a  blister-plaster,  made  of  chiuquepin  bark, 
to  quicken  the  torpor  of  the  brain.  Nor  was  he  singular  in  his  discipline. 
Whether  boys  were  then  duller  or  more  idle  than  now,  I  know  not,  but  at 
that  time  whipping  was  the  order  of  the  day.  I  had,  before  coming  to 
Chapel  Hill,  served  three  years  under  it,  at  Ilillsboro',  where  Mr.  Flinn 
wielded  his  terrible  sceptre,  and  realized  in  our  eye,  the  description  of 
Goldsmith : 

"  A  man  severe  he  was  and  stern  to  view ; 
I  knew  him  well,  and  every  truant  knew; 
Well  had  the  boding  tremblers  learned  to  trace 
The  day's  disasters  in  his  morning  face." 

This  was  literally  verified  with  us,  when  Dr.  Flinn  came  to  school  on 
Monday  morning,  with  his  head  tied  with  a  crimson  bandana  handker- 
chief. It  was  the  bloody  flag  to  us,  and  the  very  skin  of  our  backs  began 
to  tremble. 

After  serving  such  an  apprenticeship  at  Hillsboro',  the  exchange  for 
Mr.  Troy's  administration  was  like  exchanging  the  cowhide  for  the  willow 
twig,  for  Mr  Flinn's  "little  finger  was  thicker  than  Mr.  Troy's  loins."  But 


6 

now  after  drawing  aside  the  pall  of  oblivion  from  tliese  infirmities  of  the 
dead,  I  feel  some  twinges  of  remorse,  as  thougli  I  had  rudely  trodden  on 
the  ashes  of  my  departed  instructors;  for,  having  been  myself  a  teacher, 
^11  my  life,  I  ought  to  know  how  to  make  allowance  for  the  trials  of 
teachers ;  and  if  any  one  of  you,  my  hearers,  is  accustomed  to  rail  at  the 
tyranny  of  pedagogues,  and  to  flatter  yourself  with  the  conceit,  that  if 
you  were  one,  you  would  always  be  able  to  control  your  temper,  I  would 
only  address  you  in  the  language  which  the  advertisement  uses  respecting 
sovereign  recipes :  "  Try  it,"  and  if  in  six  months  you  don't  go  and 
hang  yourself,  you  will,  at  least,  have  more  charity  for  teachers,  all  the 
days  of  your  life.  I  told  you  that  I  remembered  Mr.  Troy  with  gratitude; 
but  I  believe  nothing  he  ever  taught  me,  imprinted  itself  so  deeply  on 
niy  memory,  as  the  burst  of  eloquence  which  the  boys  told  me  he  had 
made,  when  he  was  a  student,  upon  the  charms  of  Miss  Hay,  afterwards 
the  first  Mrs.  Gaston.  Troy  was  given  to  the  grandiloquent  style,  and  on 
ihis  occasion  Miss  Hay,  who  was  the  belle  of  the  day,  with  a  small  party 
came  to  visit  the  Dialectic  library.  It  was  then-  kept  in  one  of  the 
■common  rooms  inhabited  by  four  students;  and  you  may  judge  of  the 
tumult  that  was  excited  by  every  such  visitation,  and  how  much  sweeping 
;and  fixing  up  was  required,  and  how  many  frightened  boys  ran  to  the 
neighboring  rooms,  and  shut  the  doors,  all  but  a  small  crack  to  peep 
■through.  On  this  memorable  occasion,  Troy  had  fixed  himself  in  a 
.corner  of  the  room,  whence  he  could  contemplate  the  beautiful  apparition 
in  silent  ecstacy.  After  she  was  gone,  the  librarian  called  him  out  of  his 
trance,  and  said:  ^'Well  Troy,  what  do  you  think  of  her?"  ''Oh!  sir, 
she's  enough  to  melt  the  frigidity  of  a  stoic,  and  excite  rapture  in  the 
breast  of  a  hermit;"  to  which  he  might  have  added: 

"  And  like  another  Helen,  has  fired  another  Troy." 
A  man  that  could  talk  in  that  way,  appeared  to  me,  in  those  days,  to 
have  reached  the  top  of  Parnassus. 

Having  mentioned  the  library  of  one  of  the  literary  societies,  I  must  carry 
you  backj  ye  proud  Dialectics  and  Philanthropies  of  the  present  age,  to 
your  humble  birth,  and  reveal  to  you  your  inglorious  antecedents.  It  maybe 
good  for  you  who  now  loll  upon  sofas  and  survey  with  triumph  your  thousands 
of  volumes  to  look  back  fifty-five  years,  and  glance  your  eye  "into  the  hole  of 
the  pit  whence  ye  were  digged."  The  Dialectic  library  of  this  college,  all  of 
it,  was  then  contained  in  one  of  the  cupboards  of  one  of  the  common  rooms 
in  the  east  building,  and  consisted  of  a  few  half-worn  volumes,  presented 
by  compassionate  individuals,  and  I  think  it  was  in  the  habit  of  migrating 
from  room  to  room,  as  the  librarian  was  changed,  for  you  may  be  sure  the 
responsibility  of  taking  care  of  such  a  number  of  books  could  not  be 
borne  long  by  one  pair  of  shoulders.     And  besides,  there  was  some  ambi- 


tion  to  choose,  as  librarian,  a  man  who  could  wait  on  the  ladies  with 
something  of  that  courtly  grace  which  distinguishes  the  marshals  of  this 
polished  age.  But  the  cavaliers  of  that  early  time,  poor  fellows!  had  to 
make  their  way  to  the  ladies'  hearts  without  any  of  the  modern  artillery 
of  splendid  sashes,  moustaches  and  goatees.  The  naked  face,  with  native 
flush  or  native  pallor,  was  all  their  dependance.  The  cupboards  were 
not  only  small  but  full  of  rat-holes,  and  a  large  rat  might  have  taken  his 
seat  upon  Rollins'  History,  the  corner  stone  of  the  library,  and  exclaimed 
with  Robinson  Crusoe : 

"I  am  monarch  of  all  I  survey, 

My  title  there's  none  to  dispute." 

Such' was  the  infancy  of  Dialectic  knowledge;  "such  the  meagre  fare 
provided  for  Dialectic  literary  appetite  in  those  priiiieval  days. 

And  what  is  told  of  one  library  may  be  told  of  the  other,  for  they 
were  as  much  alike  as  the  teeth  of  the  upper  and  thrower  jaw,  and  as 
often  came  into  collision.  When  one  library  got  a  book,  the  other  must 
have  the  same  book,  only  more  handsomely  bound,  if  possible.  I  am 
sorry  to  record  that  the  contest  between  the  two  societies,  at  that  time, 
was  not  confined  to  an  honorable  competition  which  should  have  the 
finest  library,  or  the  best  scholars;  but  that  it  often  amounted  to  personal 
rancor  and  sometimes  seemed  to  threaten  a  general  battle. 

The  societies  then  had  no  halls  of  their  own,  but  held  their  sessions  on 
different  nights  in  the  week  in  the  old  chapel,  without  any  fire  in  the 
winter,  and  besides,  with  the  northwind  pouring  in  through  many  a 
broken  pane.  Think  of  this,  ye  pampered  collegians,  of  this  effeminate 
age,  and  bless  your  stars  that  your  college  times  have  come  fifty  years 
later.  Before  I  come  down  to  a  somewhat  later  period,  let  me  present 
you  with  a  sketch  of  the  scenes  going  on  under  these  old  oaks  in  the 
year  1804,  fifty-five  years  ago,  and  let  me  draw  from  memory,  if  I  can,  a 
picture  of  the  4th  of  July  of  that  year,  for  that  was  the  commencement 
day — the  great  national  festival  being  then  the  great  college  festival. 

The  waves  of  the  revolutionary  war  seemed  hardly  to  have  subsided, 
and  hence  military  feeling  and  military  habits  intruded  upon  academic 
shades  and  mixed  themselves  with  the  peaceful  pursuits  of  literature. 
The  great  object  of  display  on  commencement  day  was  not  the  grad- 
i-  uates  or  their  speeches,  but  a  fourth  of  July  oration,  delivered  by  the 
General,  who  had  been  chosen  by  the  vote  of  the  whole  body  of  students, 
preps  and  all,  for  free  suffrage  then  prevailed,  and  a  prep's  vote  was  as 
good  a»  any  body's.  The  office  of  General  and  orator  of  the  day  was,  of 
course,  an  object  of  great  ambition;  and  while  the  election  was  pending, 
we  preps  felt  our  importance  considerably  augmented.  Like  the  Nile,  we 
always  began  to  swell  about  the  end  of  June;  but  our  inundation  was 


goon  over,  not  lasting  longer  tlian  the  fourth  of  July.  On  these  occasions 
the  candidates  would  come  down  among  us  and  take  us  in  their  arms  and 
caress  us  most  lovingly,  and  invite  us  to  their  rooms  in  college,  and,  I 
suppose,  treat  us  there  to  gingercakes  and  cider,  though  as  to  that  fact,  I 
have  no  distinct  recollection;  but  all  of  you  who  are  versed  in  the  ways 
of  candidates,  will  admit  it  to  be  very  probable  that  they  did.  As  well 
as  I  recollect,  there  was  elected,  beside  the  General  or  orator,  the 
General's  aid.  On  this  occasion  Thomas  Brown,  son  of  the  late  Gen. 
Brown,  of  Bladen,  and  brother-in-law  of  the  late  Gov.  Owen,  was 
elected  General,  and  Hyder  Ally  Davie,  was  second  in  command. 

All  things  being  duly  arranged,  the  General,  clad  in  full  regimentals, 
with  cocked  hat  and  dancing  red  plume,  placed  himself  at  the  head  of 
his  troops  (for  we  wer8  all  turned  into  soldiers  for  the  nonce)  and  marched 
up  to  the  foot  of  the  ''Big  Poplar,"  where  was  placed  for  him  a  rostrum, 
upon  which  he  mounted,  and,  all  the  military  disposing  themselves  before 
him,  he  gracefully  took  off  his  plumed  helmet,  and  made  profound 
obeisance  to  the  army;  and  if  a  prep's  bosom  ever  throbbed  with  proud 
emotions  and  ever  thrilled  with  anticipations  of  the  pleasure  of  being  a 
great  man,  our  hearts  felt  that  throb  and  thrill  on  that  day.  I  can  tell 
you  nothing  of  the  graduating  class,  or  their  speeches.  My  childish 
fancy  was  taken  up  with  the  military  display,  though  we  had  no  music  to 
march  to  but  the  drum  and  the  fife.  If  we  had  had  such  a  band  as  you 
have  here  to-day,  it  might  have  been  too  much  for  us — few  perhaps  would 
have  survived  it. 

The  ball  at  night  was  productive  of  an  incident  of  some  seriousness 
and  importance.  The  old  Steward's  Hall,  which  some  of  you  have  reason 
still  to  recollect  to  your  sorrow,  was  then  the  ball-room.  The  floor  was 
covered  with  spectators,  except  the  spots  left  vacant  for  the  dancers.  Of 
course  the  dancers  had  to  pull  their  partners  to  their  position  through  a 
dense  thicket  of  gentlemen,  five  deep.  This  may  well  be  called  "thread- 
ing one's  way,'^  I  should  think.  In  such  circumstances  dancing  in  the 
month  of  July,  must  have  been  delectable  work,  and  must  have  always 
involved  the  risk  of  such  unhappy  rencounters  as  the  one  I  am  about  to 
describe :  Hyder  Davie,  aid-de-camp  to  Gen.  Brown,  in  cutting  the  pigeon- 
wing  before  his  partner,  came  down,  rough-shod,  upon  the  toes  of  Henry 
Chambers,  of  Salisbury.  It  was  borne  with,  the  first  time,  as  an  acci- 
dent and  overlooked ;  but  upon  coming  round  the  second  time,  it  was  re- 
peated, and  consequently  was  obliged  to  be  considered  as  an  intended  in- 
sult. The  wounded  toe,  which  is  sometimes  the  seat  of  honor,  called  the 
offending  heel  out  of  doors,  and  demanded  an  explanation.  It  resulted 
in  an  engagement,  in  which  Chambers  gave  a  blow  or  two,  for  which  he 
received  a  stab  or  two  in  the  neck,  from  the  pen-knife  of  Davie ;  for  in 


those  simple  days  bowie-knives  were  not  invented,  nor  arms  worn,  except 
openly  by  soldiers.  The  ijext  day  a  solemn  trial  of  the  case  was  held  in 
the  chapel,  by  the  trustees,  among  whom  were  Gen.  Davie,  Col.  Polk, 
(chairman,)  Gov.  Martin,  Messrs.  Cameron,  Gaston,  Nash  and  others, 
since  the  men  of  mark  in  our  State.  What  decision  the  trustees  came  to, 
is  not  recollected,  but  I  believe  the  combatants  came  off  even.  The  ladies, 
the  next  daj^,  were  found  to  have  taken  sides,  some  for  the  heel  and  some 
for  the  toe,  like  the  Little  Endians  and  Big  Endians,  familiar  to  the  read- 
ers of  Gulliver. 

I  will  detain  you  on  this  part  of  my  subject  only  a  moment,  to  call 
your  attention  to  two  things  characteristic  of  the  age.  The  first  is,  the 
spirit  of  the  times  indicated  by  the  name  Hyder  Ally,  given  to  his  son,  by 
Gen.  Davie,  and  that  of  Tippoo  Saib,  given  to  his  son  by  Maj.  Pleasant 
Henderson.  That  two  such  men  should  have  given  their  sons  such  out- 
landish names,  in  honor  of  two  Hindoo  despots  and  semi-barbarians,  be- 
cause they  were  at  war  with  Great  Britain,  affords  a  lively  idea  of  the  old 
flame  against  the  mother  country,  still  burning  in  the  breasts  of  the  sur- 
viving officers  of  the  revolution. 

The  second  reflection  suggested  by  the  incident  before  us,  is  the  dimin- 
utive size  of  the  ladies  of  those  days.  How  unambitious,  how  feeble 
minded  they  must  have  been  to  be  contented  with  occupying  no  more 
space  in  the  world,  and  in  the  eyes  of  men,  to  be  pulled,  that  way ,through 
a  zig-zag  maze  of  rough  arms  and  shoulders,  at  the  imminent  risk  of  hang- 
ing by  the  hair  or  losing  a  comb  or  necklace  in  the  transit.  The  ladies 
of  the  present  day,  have  learned  too  well  their  just  rights,  to  be  satisfied 
with  anything  less  than  two  thirds  of  this  wide,  wide  world.  There  is  no 
limit  to  their  inventive  genius  when  it  is  stimulated  by  an  encroachment 
on  their  rightful  domains.  They  have  added  to  the  dimensions  of  their 
fame,  as  well  as  of  their  persons,  by  giving  birth  to  a  new  order  of  ar- 
chitecture. A  modern  fine  lady  is,  herself,  a  novel  and  wondrous  speci- 
men of  architecture.  Look  at  those  two  delicate  little  ankles !  From 
the  time  of  the  erection  of  tJie  Parthenon — from  the  time  of  the  erection  of 
the  domes  of  St.  Peter's  and  St.  Paul's,  down  to  the  erection  of  the  domes 
at  Washington  or  Raleigh,  was  it  ever  supposed — would  it  ever  have  been 
believed — did  it  ever  enter  into  the  heads  of  Phidias,  Michael  Angelo,  or 
jiSir  Christopher  Wren,  that  two  such  slender  columns  would  have  support- 
ed so  stupendous  a  dome — especially  columns  constructed  on  the  most  un- 
artistic  of  all  principles,  the  inverted  cone?  It  can  be  classed  with  no  order 
of  architecture  now  extant.  We  shall  have  to  invent  a  new  name  for  it, 
and  I  can  think  of  none  more  appropriate  than  the  Umbrella  Order  of 
Architecture.  They  who  have  dared  to  prop  up  such  a  magnificent  fabrio 
upon  such  a  pedestal,  have  found  out  the  joou  sto  of  Archimedes,  and  cs^ 
move  the  universe.  2 


xU 

It  was  at  this  commencement,  (1804)  I  think  that  Greek  was  made  a 
part  of  the  college  course.  Got.  Martin,  if  I  jecollect,  was  the  proposer 
of  the  measure.  ^' You  study  logic/'  said  hi,  "and  you  don't  know  the 
word  from  which  the  term  is  derived."  No  doubt  the  Governor  gave 
some  better  arguments  (if  I  had  been  old  enough  to  cherish  them)  for 
substituting  the  classics  of  Greece  for  those  of  France,  which  last  had 
then  a  factitious  importance  and  popularity  from  the  recent,  splendor  of 
Voltaire,  from  our  late  obligations  to  the  country  of  La  Fayette,  and  from 
the  overwhelming  interest  excited  by  the  first  French  revolution.  A  lit- 
tle French  had,  before  this  time,  been  accepted  in  the  place  of  Greek,  and 
a  Frenchman  had  been  a  necessary  '^  part  and  parcel"  of  the  faculty.  Of 
course,  to  tornaent,  him  and  amuse  themselves  with  his  transports  of  rage, 
and  his  broken  English,  was  a  re^lar  part  of  the  college  fun.  The  ti-us- 
tees  after  some  experience  found  that  it  was  better  to  have  French  taught 
by  a  competent  American,  though  with  a  little  less  of  the  Parisian  accent, 
than  to  have  to  fight  daily  battles  to  redress  the  grievances  of  a  persecu- 
ted monsieur.  Greek  after  its  introduction,  became  the  bug-bear  of  col- 
lege. Having  been  absent  when  my  class  began  it,  I  heard,  on  my  return, 
such  a  terrific  account  of  it,  that  I  no  mote  durst  encounter  the  Greeks 
than  Xerxes  when  he  fled  in  consternation  across  the  Hellespont,  after 
the  battle  of  Salamis.  Rather  than  lose  my  degree,  however,  after  two 
years,  I  plucked  up  courage,  and  set  doggedly  and  desperately  to  work, 
prepared  hastily  thirty  Dialogues  of  Lucian,  and  on  that  stock  of  Greek 
was  permitted  to  graduate.  As  for  Chemistry  and  Diflferential  and  Inte- 
gral Calculus  and  all  that,  we  never  heard  of  such  hard  things.  They  had 
not  then  crossed  the  Eoanoke,  nor  did  they  appear  among  us,  till  they 
were  brought  in  by  the  northern  barbarians,  about  the  year  181^.  Yet 
notwithstanding  the  poor  showiiig  we  could  make  as  to  faculty  an4  course 
of  study,  the  secretary  of  the  board  of  that  day,  was  very  ambitious  of 
opening  a  sisterly  correspondence  and  communion  with  all  the  colleges 
of  the  United  States.  He  sent  for  all  their  Latin  Catalogues,  and  in  or- 
der to  be  even  with  them,  made  up  out  of  his  own  stock  of  Latin  a  Cata- 
logue for  us,  and  difi"used  it  through  the  land,  from  Maine  to  Georgia. 
Now  this  was  v6ry  unwise  policy  in  that  officer,  for  we  were  then  in  the 
very  egg-shell  of  our  existence,  and  ought  to  have  concealed  our  nakedness 
from  our  mocking  brethren  of  the  North.  This  Latin  pamphlet  was  iu 
every  respect  a  sorry  looking  afi'air.  It  was  gotten  up  at  Raleigh,  on 
coarse  paper,  and  it  can  be  no  ofi'ence  now  to  say,  that  Raleigh  was  not  at 
that  era  a  fortunate  place  of  issue  for  a  Latin  pamphlet.  Rut  what  was 
worse,  it  was  disfigured  with  several  sad  blunders  in  the  Latin  (for  I 
don't  know  that  Latin  is  any  part  of  the  qualifications  of  a  secretary  of 
the  board)  and  exhibited  to  the  admiring  world  the  following  imposing 


11 

Senatus  Acadcmicus :  President  Caldwell,  wto  tauglifc  mathematics, 
natural  and  moral  philosophy,  and  4id  all  the  preaching.  Your  humble 
SERVANT  was  professor  of  languages,  in  general,  I  suppose ;  all,  ancient 
and  modern;  and  William  D.  Moseley  (the  future  governor  of  Florida) 
vins  tutor.  The  professor  of  languages  was  of  course  responsible  for  tihis 
elegant  and  classical  production,  in  which  among  other  beauties,  I  recol- 
lect the  treasurers  of  the  board  were  called  in  conspicuous  capitals  treas- 
URARil  !  I  writhed  under  the  mortification  a  long  time,  and  was  always 
afraid  of  meeting  a  professor  from  the  North,  lest  he  should  ask  me  what 
was  the  Latin  for  treasurer. 

The  South  building,  our  neighbor  over  there,  was^hen  in  an  unfinished 
state,  carried  up  a  story  and  a  half,  and  there  left  for  many  years  to  battle 
with  the  weather  unsheltered;  but  still  it  was  inhabited.  "Inhabited!" 
you  will  say,  ''by  what?  By  toads  and  snails  and  bats,  I  suppose."  No 
sir,  by  students.     Risimi  teneatis  amici? 

As  the  only  dormitory  that  had  a  roof  was  too  crowded  for  study,  and 
as  those  who  tried  to  study  there  spent  half  tlie  evening  in  passing  laws 
CO  regulate  the  other  half,  many  students  left  their  rooms  as  a  place  of 
study  entirely,  and  built  cabins  in  the  corners  of  the  unfinished  brick 
walls,  and  quite  comfortable  cabins  they  were;  but  whence  the  plank 
came,  out  of  which  those  cabins  were  built,  your  deponent  saith  not, 
SuflDice  it  to  hint  that  in  such  matters  college  boys  are  apt  to  adopt  the 
code  of  Lycurgus  :  that  there  is  no  harm  in  privately  transfering  property, 
provided  you  are  not  caught  at  it.  In  such  a  cabin  your  speaker  and 
dozens  like  him  hiberpated  and  burned  their  midnight  oil.  As  soon  as 
spring  brought  back  the  swallows  and  the  leaves,  we  emerged  from  our 
,  dens  and  chose  some  shady  retirement  where  we  made  a  path  and  a 
promenade,  and  in  that  embowered  promenade  all  diligent  students  of 
those  days  had  to  follow  the  steps  of  science,  to  wrestle  with  its  diflScul- 
ties,  and  to  treasure  up  their  best  acquirements :  Ye  remnants  of  the 
Peripatetic  school ! 

"Ah!  ye  can  tell  how  hard  it  is  to  climb 

The  steep  where  fame's  proud  temple  shines  afar ! " 

They  lived  ivh  dio,  like  the  birds  that  caroled  over  their  heads,  "But 
how,"  you  will  say,  "did  they  manage  in  rainy  weather?"  Aye,  tibat's 
■  the  rub.  Well,  nothing  was  more  common  than,  on  a  rainy  day,  to  send 
in  a  petition  to  be  excused  from  recitation,  which  petition  ran  in  this 
stereotype  phrase :  "  The  inclemency  of  the  weather  rendering  it  impos- 
sible to  prepare  the  recitation,  the  Sophomore  class  respectfully  request 
Mr.  Ehea  to  excuse  them  from  recitation  this  afternoon."  To  deliv^er 
this  mission  to  the  Professor  I  was  appointed  envoy  ordinary  (not  extraor- 
dinary) and   plenipotentiary,   being  a   little   fellow  hardly  fifteen,  and 


12 

perhaps  somewliat  of  a  pet  with  the  teacher.  The  Professor,  a  good- 
natured,  indolent  man,  after  affecting  some  vexation,  (though  he  was 
secretly  glad  to  get  off  himself,)  and  pushing  the  end  of  his  long  nose 
this  way  and  and  that  way  some  half  dozen  times  with  his  knuckles, 
concluded  in  a  gruff  voice  with :  "Well  get  as  much  more  for  to-morrow." 
The  shout  of  applause  with  which  I  was  greeted  upon  reporting  the 
success  of  my  embassy  resembled,  (if  we  may  compare  small  things  with 
great,)  the  acclamations  with  which  Mr.  Webster  was  hailed  by  the 
nation  upon  happily  concluding  the  Ashburton  treaty  in  1842,  by  which 
war  with  Great  Britain  was  prevented.  Mr.  Webster  may  have  been 
greater,  but  he  was  ffot  prouder  than  I  was  at  the  successful  issue  of  my 
negotiations.  Who  knows  but  I  might  have  been  a  first  rate  diplomate, 
if  I  had  followed  up  these  auspicious  beginnings !  And  what  do  you 
think  was  the  lesso7i  from  which  a  deliverance  for  one  day  was  the  occa- 
sion of  such  tumultuous  joy?  Why  it  was  Morses  geography,  which 
was  then  the  main  Sophomore  study,  contained  in  two  massy  octavos,  and 
to  recite  off  which,  like  a  speech,  page  by  page,  was  the  test  and  the 
glory  of  the  first  scholar  of  the  class. 

Dr  Morse  was,  with  us,  the  great  man  of  the  age,  and  stood  as  high  as 
does  now  his  son,  the  inventor  of  the  telegraph ;  and  that  notwith- 
standing he  had  stigmatised  our  State  by  mentioning  under  the  head  of 
"  manners  and  customs  of  North  Carolina,"  that  a  fashionable  amusement 
of  our  people  in  their  personal  rencounters  was,  for  the  combatant  who 
got  his  antagonist  down  to  insert  his  thumb  into  the  corner  of  his  eye 
and  twist  out  the  ball;  which  elegant  operation  they  called  gouging. 
This  slur  upon  national  character  would,  now-a-days,  have  banished  his 
book  from  our  State.  It  excited  so  much  the  wrath  of  one  of  our  repre- 
sentatives in  Congress,  Wm.  Barry  Glrove,  of  Fayetteville,  that  he 
declared  if  he  ever  met  with  Dr.  Morse  he  would  gouge  him.  He  did 
meet  with  the  Doctor,  who  had  heard  of  the  threat,  but  instead  of  execu- 
ting his  purpose  they  had  a  hearty  laugh  over  the  story.  Dr.  Morse 
alleging  that  he  had  derived  the  account  from  Williamson. 

Our  geographical  recitations  were  enlivened  by  some  rare  scenes,  one 
or  two  of  which  I  will  venture  to  relate,  though  they  are  almost  too 
farcical  for  this  dignified  assembly,  and  yet  they  are  among  the  things, 
''as  my  Lord  Verulam  remarks,  which  men  do  not  willingly  let  die." 
The  class  was  reciting  on  Greenland.     The  youth  under  examination  was 

,  I  do  not  feel  safe  to  mention  his  name,  for  he  may  be  here 

among  us  for  aught  I  know,  {the  speaker  looMing  anxiously  over  tlie 
crowd,)  but  if  he  is,  he  will  be  easily  known  by  the  length  of  his  ears, 
and  there  are  no  animals  on  earth  that  bite  and  kick  harder  than  the 
long-eared  tribe.     We  will,  therefore,  indicate  him  by  the  name  Satcney. 


13 

Mr.  Sawney,  says  tlie  Professor,  can  you  tell  me  anything  about  the 
animals  of  Greenland?  "Yes,  sir,  there's  one  called  the  seal."  What 
kind  of  a  animal  is  it?  "I  dont  remember  exactly,  sir,  but  I  believe  he 
says  it  is  a  very  amphib — a  very  amj)hihiohiis  kind  of  animal  sir."  The 
boys  plagued  him  about  this  new  kind  of  animal  until  he  became  as. 
irritable  as  a  nest  of  wasps  by  the  way-side.  Another  student,  whom  we 
will  disguise  under  the  name  of  Rlijgie,  used  to  amuse  various  compa- 
nies by  telling  the  story  upon  Sawney.  Now  Riggie  was  the  last  man 
that  ought  to  have  made  people  merry  over  the  blunders  of  others,  for 
he  had  got  his  own  nickname  by  his  ludicrious  pronunciation  of  Riga,  a 
Russian  town  on  the  Baltic.  He  was  asked  what  were  the  chief  towns 
in  Russia  ?  He  mentioned  several,  and  among  them  Riggie  on  the 
Baltic,  pronouncing  the  first  syllable  of  the  last  word  as  it  is- heard  in 
halance.  The  name  Riggie  stuck  to  him  forever  afterwards.  But  it 
often  happens  that  he  who  smarts  most  under  a  joke  is  most  ready  to 
avert  pursuit  by  throwing  ridicule  upon  others — as  in  the  street,  the 
thief,  hearing  the  hue  and  cry  after  him,  escapes  by  echoing  the  cry 
''stop  thief!"  and  joining  in  the  chase.  Sawney,  goaded  by  Ricgie's 
persecution,  determined  to  avenge  himi^elf ;  so  he  laid  a  trap  for  him. 
He  got  a  friend  to  invite  a  company  including  Riggie  into  his  room,  and 
to  call  for  the  story,  while  in  the  meantime,  Sawney  concealed  himself 
under  the  bed.  Riggie,  alas !  unconscious  of  the  Trojan  horse  within 
the  walls,  was  going  on  with  his  story,  full  sail,  the  audience  convulsed 
with  the  enjoyment  of  the  present  and  the  anticipation  of  the  paulo-post- 
future;  when  in  the  very  fifth  act  of  the  drama,  out  popped  Sawney  from 
his  ambush,  and  pitched  into  the  dismayed  comedian.  I  shall  not 
,  attempt  to  describe  the  battle ;  but  it  may  well  be  supposed  that  Sawney, 
stung  with  wounded  pride  and  bursting  with  long  imprisoned  rage, 
fought  with  more  desperation,  and  that  his  adversary,  startled  by  a  foe 
emerging  suddenly  from  ambush,  must  have  fought  to  a  disadvantage. 
That  was  the  last  time  I  imagine  that  Riggie,  or  any  body  else,  told  the 
story  of  avipldhiobus,  nor  would  it  have  been  revived  to-day  had  I  not 
trusted  that  a  lapse  of  more  than  fifty  years  had  either  removed  our  hero 
from  the  reach  of  all  earthly  ridicule,  or  mollified  his  resentment  into 
merriment ;  or  at  least,  that  being  unnamed  in  my  annals,  he  would  take 
care  not  to  write  his  name  under  the  picture  by  attacking  me.  But  if  he 
or  any  other  witness  of  the  facts  were  here  to  challenge  my  truth  and  to 
show  what  a  good  story  I  had  made  out  of  nothing,  I  suppose  you  all 
would  thank  him  about  as  much  as  you  would  thank  a  man,  who,  after 
you  had  dined  pleasantly,  as  you  supposed,  upon  a  good  fat  hare,  should 
come  forward,  show  you  the  paws  and  convince  you  that  what  you  had 
enjoyed  so  sweetly,  was  nothing  but  a  cat. 


14 

Sucli  adventures  as  the  foregoing  were  more  apt  to. happen  with  soph- 
mores  than  with  other  classes.  To.^save  them-  from  tl^e  clutches  of  Dr. 
Morse,  on  a  rainy  day,  was  one  of  the  chief  honors  of  my  sophomore 
year.  Sophomores  have  always  been  hard  fellows  to  deal  with.  This 
results  from  their  amphibious  nature,  and  colleges  have  given  them  a 
name  Qiophos  moros)  expressive  of  their  compound  character,  partly  wise 
and  partly  foolish.  They  are  in  a  transition  state,  half-man  and  half-boy; 
their  voice  alternating  in  a  most  ludicrous  manner  between  the  cdto  and 
the  hass,  so  that,  in  the  dark  you  would  suppose  it  was  two  persons 
talking.  Their  compositions  too  have  the  same  mixed  character;  like 
comets  i\Qj  have  a  small  nucleus  with  a  prodigious  expanse  of  tail.*  Let 
not  my  young  friends  present,  who  happen  to  be  sophomores,  take  umbrage 
at  these  pleasantries.  I  aiji  not  describing  the  sophomores  of  the  present 
day,  nor  any  specific  sophomores.  lam  describing  sophomores  in  the 
abstract,  Jiot  in  the  concrete,  and  of  course,  no  individual  has  a  right  to  ap- 
propriate the  description  to  himself,  sin3ethe  sophomore  concrete  has  always 
specific  peculiarities  which  shield  him  from  being  identified  with  the 
sophomore  abstract.  Besides  the  glory  of  a  sophomore  is  not  in  what  he 
is,  but  in  what  he  is  to  he.  He  is  an  eaglet.  Now  an  eaglet,  just 
begining  to  be  fledged,  may  not  be  a  very  comely  bird,  and  its  attempts 
to  fly  may  be  rather  awkward;  but  then  in  a  month  or  two,  he  is  to  be 
the  bird  of  Jove,  soaring  into  the  eye  of  the  sun,  and  bearer  of  the 
thunderbolt. 

Junior  Life. — Let  me  now  give  a  sketch  of  junior  life,some  fifty  years 
ago  in  these  precincts.  There  being  but  three  teachers  in  college,  (pres- 
ident, professor  of  languages  and  tutor.)  the  seniors  and  juniors  had  but 
one  recitation  per  day.  The  juniors  had  their  first  taste  of  geometry,  in, 
a  little  elementary  treatise,  dra)\Ti  up  by  Dr.^  Caldwell,  in  manuscript,  and 
not  then  printed.  Copies  were  to  be  had  only  by  transcribing,  and  in 
process  of  time,  they,  of  course,  were  gwarming  with  errors.  But  this 
was  a  decided  advantage  to  the  junior,  who  stuck  to  his  text,  without 
minding  his  diagram.  For,  if  he  happened  to  say  the  angle  of  A  wag 
equal  to  the  angle  of  B,  when  in  f:ict  the  diagram  showed  no  angle  at  B 
at  all,  but  one  at  C,  if  Br.  Caldwell  corrected  him,  he  had  it  always  in  his 
power  to  say:  "Well,  that  was  what  I  thought  myself,  but  it  ain't  so  in 
the  book,  and  I  thought  you  knew  better  than  X."  We  may  well  suppose 
that  the  Doctor  was  completely  silenced  by  this  unexpected  application  of 
the  argumentum  ad  liominem.  You  see  how  good  a  training  our  youthful 
junior  was  under,  by  a  faithful  adherence  to  his  text,  to  become  a  "strict 
constructionist"  of  the  constitution,  when  he  should  ripen  into  a  politi- 

■*In  Webster's  Dictionary,  Mr.  Calhoun's  authority  is  given  for  the  word 
sopliomorical  in  this  sense. 


15 

cian.  Tne  junior  having  safely  got  tlirougli  witli  his  mathematical  recita- 
tion at  II  o'clock,  was  firee  till  the  next  day  at  the  same  hour.  And  the  first 
thing  lie  had  to  determine  vvas,  what  would  be  the  most  agreeable  method 
of  spending  the  rest  of  the  day.  Shall  he  ramble  into  the  country  after 
fruit,  or  shall  he  go  a  fishing,  of  shall  he  make  iip  a  party  and  engage  a 
supper  in  the  suljurbs,  at  "Fur  Craig-s?''  The  last  measure  was  often 
adopted,  because  of  our  hard  fare  at  Commons.  Accordingly  a  party  of 
of  some  half  dozen  would  go  out  and  engage  a  supper  of  fried  chicken, 
or  chicken  pi^  biscuit  and  coffee.  It  was  waited  for  with  extreme  impa-. 
ticnce,  and  many  yawnings  and  other  symtoms  of  an  aching  void.  At 
length  it  came  upon  the  table,  like  the  classical  cocna  of  "^the  Romans, 
about  three  or  four,  P.  M.  The  guests  sat  djpwn,  at  twenty-five  cents  per 
head;  and  if  you  consider  the  leanness  of  our  dinners  at  the  Steward's 
Hall,  you  will  be  apt  to  suspecVthat  the  entertainer  did  not  make  much  by 
that  bargain.  I'll  tell  you  what,  gentlemen,  it  will  do  well  enough  for 
you,  who  live  in  these  palmy  times,  and  fare  stimptuously  every  day,  to 
call  the  University  your  alma  mater,  y^r  leiiir/na 2)arcns,  and  all  that, 
now  that  she  is%rown  to  be  a  fat,  buxom  lady,  with  a  snug  clear  income 
of  fifteen  thousand  a  year.  But  when  I  first  knew  her,  she  was  a  very 
poor  woman,  and  her  children  of  those  days  would  have  more  appropri- 
ately called  her  ^'paxqierima  mama!"  for  slie  dealt  out  very  scanty 
allowance  to  her  family  either  for  body  or  mind,  and  treated  her  sons  as 
movers  to  our  new  States  treat  their  horses ;  she  turned  them  out  at  night 
to  pick  up  what  they  could.  The  truth  \&,"her  mother  the  State,  acted  a 
very  unnatural  part  towards  her,  and,  soon  ^after  she  was  born,  seemed  to 
take  a  dislike  to  her  own  offspring,  and  to  try  to  starve  it.  Do  you  wish 
to  know  the  ordinary  bill  of  fare  at  the  Steward's  Hall,  fifty  years  ago  ? 
As  well  as  I  recollect  board  per  annum  was  thirty-five  dollars!  This,  as 
you  may  suppose,  would  not  support  a  very  luxurious  table,  but  the  first 
body  of  trustees  were  men  who  had  seen  the  revolution,  and  they  thought 
that  sum  would  furnish  as  good  rations  as  those  lived  on  who  won  our  _ 
liberties:  Coarse  corn  bread  was  the  staple  food.  At  dinner  the  only 
meat  was  a  fat  middling  of  bacon,  surmounting  a  pile  of  coleworts;  and 
the  first  thing  after  grace  was  said  (and  sometimes  before)  was  for  one 
man,  by  a  single  horizontal  sweep  of  his  knife,  to  separate  the  ribs  and 
lean  from  the  fat,  monopolize  all  the  first  to  himself,  and  leave  the 
remainder  for  his  fellows.  At  breakfast  we  had  wheat  bread  and  butter 
and  coffee.  Our  supper  was  coffe©  and  the  corn  bread  left  at  dinner, 
without  butter.  I  remember  the  shouts  of  rejoicing  when  we  had 
assembled  at  the  door,  and  some  one  jumping  up  and  looking  in  at  the 
window,  made  proclamation:  "Wheat  bread  for  supper  boys!"  And 
that  wheat  bread,  over  which   such   rejoicings  were  raised^  believe  me 


16 

gentlemen  and  ladies,  was  manufiictured  out  of  wheat  we  call  seconds,  or, 
as  some  term  it,  gruclgeons.  You  will  not  wonder,  if,  after  such  a  supper, 
most  of  the  students  welcomed  the  approach  of  night,  as  beasts  of  prey, 
that  they  might  go  a  prowling,  and  seize  upon  everything  eatable  within 
the  compass  of  one  or  two  miles;  for,  as  I  told  you,  our  boys  were  follow- 
ers of  the  laws  of  Lycurgus.  Nothing  was  secure  from  the  devouring 
torrent.  Beehives,  though  guarded  by  a  thousand  stings — all  feathered 
tenants  of  the  roost — watermelon  and  potato  patches,  roasting  ears,  &c., 
in  fine  everything  that  could  appease  hunger,  was  found  missing  in  the 
morning.  These  marauding  parties  at  night  were  often  wound  up  with 
setting  the  village  to  rights.  I  will  relate  one  of  these  nocturnal  adven- 
tures, and  it  was  only  "iinmn  e  plurihus."  I  must  premise  that  Dr 
Caldwell  seems  to  have  made  it  a  part  of  his  fixed  policy,  that  no  evil- 
doer should  hope  to  escape  by  the  swiftness  of  heels,  and  that  whoever 
was  surprised  at  night  in  any  act  of  mischief,  should  be  run  down,  caught 
and  brought  to  justice.  Whether  the  Doctor  brought  that  feature  of  his 
policy  from  Princeton,  where  he  was  educated,  or  whether,  being 
conscious  that  nature  had  gifted  him  with  great  nimblentss  of  foot,he  was 
a  little  ambitious  of  victory  in  that  line,  I  will  not  determine;  but  certain 
it  is,  that  he  was  in  the  habit  of  rambling  about,  at  night,  in  search  of 
adventures,  and  whenever  he  came  across  an  unlucky  wight  engaged  in 
taking  off  a  gate,  building  a  fence  across  the  street,  driving  a  brother 
calf  or  goat  into  the  chapel,  or  any  similar  exploit  of  genius,  he  no  sooner 
hove  in  sight  than  he  gave  chase;  nor  did  the  youthful  malefactor  spare 
his  sinews  that  night;  for  be  knew  that  if  he  ever  ran  for  life  or  glory, 
now  was  the  time.  Homer  makes  his  hero  Achilles,  the  swiftest  as  well 
as  the  bravest  on  the  plains  of  Troy.  No  foe  could  match  him  in 
battle  or  escape  him  by  flight.  Dr.  Caldwell  was  the  podas  okus  Achilles 
of  Chapel  Hill,  and  he  had  more  occasion  for  powers  of  pursuit  than  of 
contest,  for  his  antagonists  uniformly  took  to  flight.  You  call  this  a 
"fast  age,"  gentlemen,  and  so  it  is,  but  I  don't  know  a  man  of  this 
generation  who  is  faster  than  was  Dr.  Caldwell.  He  liked  to  go  fast  in 
everything,  and  therefore  he  was  not  satisfied  to  take  two  days  in  getting 
to  Raleigh.  He  and  I  have  set  out  for  the  metropolis  in  the  morning, 
and  stopt  the  first  night  at  Pride's,  ten  miles  this  side,  such  was  the  state 
of  the  roads.  Who  knows  but  such  snail-like  progress  as  this  suggested 
to  him  the  first  idea  of  the  present  railroad  from  Beaufort  to  the 
mountains,  the  honor  of  which,  I  believe,  is  now  conceded  to  him? 
Now,  0 !  muse,  that  didst  inspire  Homer  to  describe  Achilles'  pursuit  of 
Hector,  three  times  round  the  walls  of  Troy;  or  thou  gentle  muse,  who 
didst  breathe  thy  soft  afflatus  upon  Ovid  when  he  described  the  race 
between  Apollo  and  fair  Daphne;  or  thou  Caledonian  muse,  who  didst 


17 

preside  over  "Walter  Scott,  wlien  he  sung  the  race  of  Fitz  James  after 
Murdock  of  Alpine,  or  over  Robert  Burns,  when  he  made  immortal  the 
flight  of  Tarn  o'  Shanter  from  the  witches, — either  of  you  or  all  of  the 
nine  at  once,  assist  me  to  describe  the  race  between  President  Caldwell 
and  Sophomore  Faulkner,  on  the  night   of  the  — day  of  — ,  18 — .     The 
President  lived  at  that  time  where  his  successor  now  lives,  and  was 
returning  about  bed  time   "  from  walking  up  and  down  upon  the  earth,"* 
to  see  if  any  of  the  students  were — where  they  ought  not  to  be.     As  he 
was  mounting  the  stile  which  stood  where  Dr.  Wheat's  south-east  corner 
now  stands,  he  spied  two  young  men,  busily  engaged  in  building  a  fence 
from  that  corner  across  the  street  to  the  opposite  corner.     This,  by  the 
way,  was  always  the  difficulty  in  carrying  out  the  manual  labor  system  in 
our  schools,  and  constituted  the  grand  distinction  between  negro-labor 
and  student-labor:  that  the  negro  fenced  in  the  field  and  hoed  up  the 
weeds;  the  student  hoed  up  the  cotton  and  fenced  in  the  street.     The 
lads  had  just  before  his  appearance  heard  that  portentous  snapping  of  the 
ankles,  which  was  a  remarkable  peculiarity  of  Dr.  Caldwell's  locomotives 
and  was  very  useful  to  the  evil-doers  in  enabling  them  to  get  several 
yards  the  start  in  the  race.     As  soon  as  they  heard  this  premonitory  crep- 
itation (which,  I  suppose,  they  were  wont  to  consider  as  a  providential 
forewarning  of  danger,   like  the  rattle  of  the  rattle-snake)   one  of  the 
fencemakers,  whose  nom  de  gi(crre  was  Dog,  skulked  into  a  corner  and 
was  passed  by.     Faulkner  sprang  forward.     But  I  forgot  that  Homer 
always  spends  a  line  or  two  in  describing  his  heroes,   before  he  brings 
them  into  action.     So  I  must  suspend  the  race,  till  I  have  given  my 
audience  some  idea  of  Faulkner's  person  and  character.     He  was  a  tall, 
bony,  gaunt  and  grim  looking  fellow,  with  shaggy  threatening  eyebrow — 
had   been   at   Norfolk    during   the  war  of  1813-14,    as   a   soldier   or 
officer,  and  had  contracted  a  soldier's  love  of  adventure  and  frolic,  and 
like  Macbeth,  would  have  run  from  nothing  born   of  mortal,  if  he  had 
been  engaged  in  a  good  cause.     But  building  a  fence  across  the  street  at 
night,  his  conscience  set  down  as  a  deed  of  darkness,  and  therefore  proved 
like  the  conscience  of  one  of  the '  murderers  of  the  Duke  of  Clarence  in 
Shakspeare's   Bichard   III.     ''This  thing  conscience,"    says   he,    "is   a 
blushing,  shame-faced  spirit,  that  mutinies  in  a  man's  bosom;  it  fills  one 
full  of  obstacles.     A  man  cannot  steal  but  it  accuseth  him ;  a  man  cannot 
swear  but  it  checks  him.     It  made  me  once  restore  a  purse  of  gold  that 

*  Should  any  of  my  more  serious  readers  complain  of  an  impropriety  in 
this  quotation  from  Job  1  :  vii ;  they  Avill  perhaps  find  an  apology  for  the 
allusion  in  the  fiict,  well  known  to  all  alumni  of  that  period,  that  LiahoJus 
shortened  into  Bolus,  was  the  common  nickname  of  the  PresiJcnt,  and  that 
while  engaged  in  their  deeds  of •  darkness,  they  would  just  as  willingly  have 
seen  the  one  as  the  other. 

3 


18 

by  cliance  I  found.  It  beggars  any  man  that  keeps  it.  I'll  not  meddle 
with  it.  It  is  a  dangerous  tiling.  It  makes  a  man  a  coward."  So  it 
proved  with  the  soldier  of  Norfolk  on  that  memorable  night.  His  con- 
science made  him  a  coward,  but  perhaps  it  enabled  him  to  run  the  faster  on 
that  occasion,  and  he  might  have  escaped  had  any  but  "  the  swift-footed 
Achilles  "  given  chase.     But  fate  had  doomed  him  to  lose  this  race: 

Forth  at  full  speed  the  fence-man  flew — 

Faulkner  of  Norfolk  prove  thy  speed, 

For  ne'er  had  sophomore  such  need ; 

With  heart  of  fire,  and  foot  of  wind, 

The  fierce  avenger  is  behind  ; 

Fate  judges  of  the  rapid  strife, 
The  forleit  death,  the  prize  is  life. 
He  leaves  the  gates,  he  leaves  the  walls  behind 
Achilles  follows  like  the  winged  wind ; 
Thus  at  the  panting  dove  a  falcon  flies, 
(The  swiftest  racer  of  the  liquid  skies  ;) 
Just  when  he  holds  or  thinks  he  holds  his  prey, 
Obliquely  wheeling  through  the  ^rial  way, 
With  open  beak  and  shrilling  cries  he  springs. 
And  aims  his  claws  and  shoots  upon  his  wings, 
Just  so  around  and  round  the  chase  they  held 
One  urged  by  fury,  one  by  fear  impelled  ; 
Thus  step  by  step  where'er  the  Trojan  wheeled 
There  swift  Achilles  compassed  round  the  field  ; 
So  on  the  laboring  heroes  pant  and  strain. 
While  that  but  flees  and  this  pursues  in  vain  ; 
Thus  three  times  round  the  Trojan  walls  they  fly, 
The  gazing  gods  lean  forward  from  the  sky, 
Jove  lifts  the  golden  balances  that  shoAV, 
The  fates  of  mortal  man  and  things  below  ; 
Here  each  contending  hero's  lot  he  tries 
And  weighs  with  equal  hand  their  destinies. 
Low  sinks  the  scale  surcharged  with  Faulkner's  fate — 
Thus  heaven's  high  powers  the  strife  did  arbitrate : 
Just  then  the  Faulkner  tripped,  and  prostrate  fell, 
And  on  the  sprawling  body  pitched Caldwell! 

Having  thus  disposed  of  one  of  the  fence-makers,  the  victorious  Presi- 
dent went  back  in  quest  of  the  other,  who  instead  of  coming  to  the  assis- 
tance of  his  friend,  had  lost  no  time  in  leaving  the  field  of  action.  The 
President  after  beating  the  bush  awhile,  returned  to  the  college,  where 
in  the  mean  time,  Faulkner,  with  clipped  wings  and  fallen  crest,  had 
gathered  a  party  in  one  of  the  rooms,  and  was  telling  the  fortunes  of  the 
night.  Little  did  he  dream  that  his  exulting  conqueror  was  standing 
close  by,  in  the  dark,  listening  to  every  word.  *'  And  what  became  of 
Dog?"  inquired  one  of  the  party.  ^'Oh!  Dog,  he  took  to  the  woods  and  I 
dare  say  he  is  running  yet."  When  the  cOurt  met,  the  next  day,  to  try 
the  delinquents,  it  appeared  in  evidence  from  the  tutor,  that  Bog  was  the 
sobriquet  of  Junius  Moore.  He  was  accordingly  startled  by  a  summons 
served  upon  him  by  old  Daniel  Bradley,  the  college  constable,  to  appear 


before  tlie  faculty  as  particcps  criminis  with.  Faulkner.  They  were  both 
charged  with  what  the  lawyers  might  call  tortuously  doing  a  tortuous  act. 
In  plainer  language  with,  feloniously,  wickedly,  and  with  malice  afore- 
thought, then  and  there,  laying  down,  making,  building  and  constructing 
a  Virginia  fence  across  the  street,  against  the  peace  and  dignity  of  the 
State.  Gentlemen,  you  who  have  read  Cicero's  graphic  description  of 
the  confusion  of  face  and  dumbfouudeduess  of  Cataline's  accomplices 
when  the  consul  confronted  them  with  all  the  damning  evidences  of  their 
guilt,  you  can  conceive  and  none  but  you,  the  looks  and  behavior  of  the 
two  fencemakers,  when  Dog  was  thus  unexpectedly  arraigned  at  the  bar. 
'^  They  were  so  amazed  and  stupefied,"  says  Cicero,  "they  so  looked  upon 
the  ground,  they  so  cast  furtive  glances  at  each  other,  that  now  they  seem- 
ed to  be  no  longer  informed  on  by  others,  but  to  inform  on  themselves." 
What  the  faculty  did  with  the  offenders  I  do  not  recollect,  but  remember, 
young  gentlemen,  it  is  all  upon  the  faculty-book,  and  I  hope  none  of  you 
are  ambitious  of  a  place  in  that  chapter  of  the  history  of  the  University  or 
to  be  enrolled  in  the  Newgate  calendar. 

As  for  Dog,  he  deserved  a  better  name,  for  he  was  a  native  born  poet, 
and  he  and  Philip  Alston  (a  graduate  of  1829,)  are  among  the  few  of 
our  alumni  on  whose  birth  Melpomene  did  smile.  Had  Moore  lived  he 
might  have  written  something  to  justify  these  praises.  Alston  lived  long 
enough  to  leave  some  memorials  of  his  genius,  but,  alas !  not  long  enough 
for  our  fame  or  for  his  own. 

"  For  Lycidas  is  dead,  dead  ere  Irs  prime — 
Young  Lycidas — and  hath  not  left  his  peer!" 

That  night  was  one  of  the  Nodes  Atticse  or  Amhrosianse.,  if  you  choose  so 
to  name  them,  which  signalized  the  early  history  of  this  college.  Dr. 
Caldwell  was  a  good  man  and  a  wise  man ;  but  I  wonder  he  did  not  see, 
that  the  olympic  games  of  Greece  had  not  a  greater  attraction  for  that 
sprightly  people,  than  such  night  adventures  have  for  some  freshmen — 
sophomores — ^juniors — shall  I  go  on?  and  that  for  the  chance  of  such  a 
race  as  this,  many  a  wild  collegian  would  run  all  the  risk  of  suspension, 
three  nights  of  every  week 

And  here,  perhaps,  it  will  not  be  offensive  to  introduce,  among  my  rem- 
iniscences, the  shadow  of  a  reminiscence,  whieh  rests  like  a  jtenumhra 
among  the  more  distinct  impressions  on  the  tablet  of  my  memory.  It  re- 
lates to  a  man  who  has  long  borne  a  conspicuous  and  honorable  part 
among  the  editors  of  our  country — one  of  the  surviving  Titans,  who  has 
planted  his  battery  not  five  miles  from  the  throne  of  Jove,  and  hurled 
many  a  thirty-two  pounder  at  the  whitehouse  and  at  the  capitol.  Should 
this  page  chance  to  meet  his  eye,  and  should  he  recognize  in  it  a  faint 
nucleus  of  fact,  he  will  laugh  at  a  college  legend  which  always  hands  down 


20 

a  mucli  better  story  than  it  received.  President  Caldwell  once  caught 
some  boys  in  mischief;  among  the  rest  he  descried  one  on  the  top  of  the 
college,  fastening  a  rjoo'iG  to  the  very  ridge  of  the  roof.  '■'■  Ah  !  J oseph, 
Joseph,"  said  he  "  I  suppose  thou  art  fixing  up  that  poor  bird  there,  as  an 
emblem  of  thyself."  Perhaps  that  severe  cut  from  his  teacher  may  have 
goaded  the  youthful  truant  to  throw  away  the  yoose  forever  afterwards,  re- 
serving only  a  qiiill  wherewith  to  write  himself  into  renown.  I  hope  he 
will  forgive  me  for  thus  heralding  liis  exploits  upon  the  house-tops. 

The  bell,  too,  that  everlasting  mischief-maker,  could  never  be  confined 
to  its  legitimate  utterances,  as  long  as  its  notes,  at  dead  of  night,  set  all 
the  faculty  on  the  '^  qui  vice,"  and  when  a  string,  passing  from  it  to  some 
upper  window,  enabled  a  freshman,  to  whom  it  was  a  novelty,  to  create 
mysterious  music,  as  if  gotten  up  by  the  spirits  of  the  air.  But  since  the 
faculty  have  put  it  upon  the  ground  that  sometimes  little  boys  come  here 
just  after  their  mothers  have  taken  the  rattles  from  about  their  necks  and 
that  they  must  be  amused  a  while  with  some  noise  as  a  substitute,  the 
officers  indulge  such  in  bell-ringing  until  they  have  got  their  fill,  and  then 
the  nuisance  is  abated. 

As  for  myself,  being  brought  up  in  the  Caldwellian  school,  I  once  did 
try  my  hand  at  a  night  adventure,  and  sallied  forth  to  catch  a  party  of 
revellers  in  the  woods.  I  came  upon  them  by  surprise  and  captured  sev- 
eral, but  in  pursuing  one,  I  got  hung  in  a  grape  vine,  which  cured  me  of 
pursuing  students  at  night. 

There  was  one  other  adventure,  however,  in  which j9a?'s  magni  fid.  As 
it  is  characteristic  of  the  times,  I  will  beg  pardon  for  relating  it.  The  two 
societies,  as  I  have  already  intimated,  were  then  often  at  dagger's  points 
with  each  other,  and  were  sometimes^in  danger  of  a  general  engagement. 
Like  all  young  things,  they  easily  got  angry,  and  had  no  objections  to 
a  fight,  while  older  animals  grow  wiser,  and  find  peace  much  more  com- 
fortable and  much  more  dignified  than  war.  (I  beg  pardon  of  the  august 
crowned  heads  that  are  now  butting  each  other  on  the  plains  of  Italy*.) 
On  one  occasion  the  champions  of  the  respective  bodies  came  into  collision 
and  had  a  desperate  fight,  in  which  one  of  them,  much  more  of  a  bully 
than  the  other,  got  his  antagonist  down  and  beat  him  most  dreadfully, 
though  I  never  heard  that  h-o.  gouged  him.  It  was  a  kind  of  melee,  several 
being  engaged  on  both  sides.  Dr  CaldAj^ell  thought  it  absolutely  necessa- 
ry to  adopt  vigorous  measures  to  put  a  stop  to  such  outrages.  It  appeared 
that  the  bully  had  provoked  the  fight,  and  was  most  to  blame.     So  a  writ 

*  That  old  commentator  on  the  Bible,  Matthew  Henry,  as  full^of  wit  as  of 
wisdom,  remarks  that  the  prophets  very  fitly  represent  the  great  conquerors 
of  the  earth,  under  the  emblems  of  lions,  leopards,  bears,  rams,  he-goats,  &c. 
If  so,  oiir  allusion  in  the  text  is  not  inapposite,  and  the  world  need  not  care 
much  Avhich  has  the  hardest  head,  the  ram  or  the  he-goat. 


21 

was  taken  out  to  arrest  him  and  carry  him  to  Hillsboro',  where  the  suj^e- 
rior  court  was  then  sitting.  The  President's  jwsse  comitatis  was  summon- 
ed to  take  him.  The  house  where  he  secreted  himself  was  surrounded 
the  besieged  leaped  out  upon  the  shed,  and  attempted  to  jump  down;  but 
being  headed  on  all  sides,  he  surrendered  at  discretion,  /was  one  of  the 
guard  to  Hillsboro.'  It  was  a  rainy  night,  the  prisoner  purposely  kept 
his  horse  in  a  walk,  that  we  might  not  bring  him  into  town  at  night  as  a. 
guarded  criminal.  So  we  rode  up  at  breakfast  time,  like  a  party  of  trav- 
elers, to  the  hotel,  where  the  judge  and  prosecuting  officer,  and  a  crowd 
of  people  were  standing.  Our  mittimus  was  examined,  when  lo  and  be- 
hold !  the  justice  of  the  peace  who  issued  it,  had,  either  accidentally  or 
on  purpose,  left  out  of  the  writ  the  initials  of  his  office  "J.  P.,"  and  with- 
out those  magic  letters,  it  was  as  harmless  as  a  lion  with  his  head  cut  off. 
So  the  whole  proceeding  was  quashed,  the  prisoner  discharged,  the  expe- 
dition covered  with  ridicule,  and  the  escort  went  home  pretty  well  sick 
of  sheriff's  business.  I  beg  you,  gentlemen  in  authority  here,  if  you  ever 
have  a  like  occasion,  remember  the  letters  J.  P. 

While  we  are  passing  over  certain  early  incidents  of  Dr.  Caldwell's  ad- 
ministration, before  I  leave  the  subject,  the  audience  will  no  doubt  in- 
dulge me  in  here  introducing  a  brief  notice  of  one  of  his  most  valued  col- 
leagues and  coadjutors,  the  late  lamented  Dr.  Mitchell.  Here  let  us  pause 
to  drop  a  tear  to  the  memory  of  this  martyr  of  science.  He  fell  a  victim 
to  too  great  self-reliance.  This  trait  in  his  character,  owing  no  doubt,  in 
a  considerable  degree  to  constitutional  temperament,  was  stimulated  and 
confirmed  by  a  New  England  education,  in  which  youth  are  seldom  in- 
dulged in  that  life  of  ease  and  indolence  so  common  and  so  pernicious 
among  ourselves ;  but  are  early  thrown  upon  their  own  enterprise,  and  in- 
vention, and  industry,  for  providing  their  future  livelihood.  This  char- 
acteristic of  that  part  of  our  country,  is  remarkably  calculated  to  develop 
all  the  latent  energ'cs  within  a  youth,  whether  for  good  or  for  evil — a 
stern  necessity '' to  do  or  die" — to  swim  or  sink,  which  may  produce  a 
a  Franklin  and  a  Webster,  or  peradventure  a  Benedict  Arnold — like  the 
fierce  sun  of  the  tropics,  which  concocts  at  once  the  aromatic  gums  and 
the  deadly  poisons. 

This  self-reliance  of  our  regretted  friend,  was  conspicuous  from  his  first 
appearance  among  us.  It  carried  him  as  a  botanist,  over  almost  every 
hill  and  meadow,  and  into  every  nook  and  corner  of  our  extensive  State, 
alone  and  through  all  weathers;  and  led  him,  as  a  geologist,  to  scale 
every  mountain  and  penetrate  every  cavern,  where  nature  might  promise 
spoils  to  philosophic  curiosity.  While  youth  remained,  he  escaped 
unharmed  from  the  perils  into  which  his  adventurous  spirit  pushed  him; 
but,  like  !Miio,  the  famous    athlete  oi    Crotono,  he  forgot  that  he  was 


growing  old,  and  was  lured  to  his  death  by  too  great  confidence  in  that 
strength  and  activity  on  which  he  had  so  often  relied  with  safety.  At 
his  age  and  with  his  high  position  as  a  savant,  he  was  entitled  to  an 
escort.  He  ought  not  to  have  been  seen  venturing  alone  and  unassisted 
among  precipitous  cliffs,  to  make  good  North-Carolina's  claim  to  the 
Chimborazo  of  the  Alleganies.  He  ought  to  have  had  a  retinue  of 
enthusiastic  pupils  at  his  heels,  Qinagna  comitante  caterva,')  carrying  his 
chiiin  and  his  compass,  and  his  barometer,  and  his  tent  and  traveling 
chest.  And  I  have  no  doubt  he  might  have  enlisted  such  a  corps  of  his 
pupils  had  he  desired  and  requested  it.  But  his  self-reliance  seemed  to 
scorn  all  help,  as  a  confession  of  incapacity  and  dep.endance.  A  bivouac 
in  a  mountain  gorge,  alone  and  far  from  the  haunts  of  men,  had 
something  in  it  inviting  to  his  bold  and  inquisitive  genius.  I  think  I 
have  heard  him  say,  that  in  one  of  his  visits  to  the  same  mountainous 
region,  he  had  been  drenched  to  the  skin  by  a  thunder-storm,  and  had 
laid  down  and  slept  in  his  wet  clothes,  till  the  morning.  That  such  a 
man  would  fall  prematurely  by  his  excessive  spirit  of  adventure,  was 
naturally  to  have  been  apprehended,  and  we  might  have  justly  cautioned 
him,  in  the  language  of  Andromache : 

"  Too  daring  man,  ah!  whither  Avoiildst  thou  run, 

Ah  !  too  forgetful  of  thy  wife  and  son  ; 

For  sure  such  courage  length  of  life  denies, 

And  thou  must  fall,  thy  virtue's  sacrifice!" 

I  have  such  an  opinion  of  my  late  friend's  undaunted  spirit  of  adven- 
ture, that  I  believe,  if  he  had  been  one  of  the  scientific  corps  who 
accompanied  Napoleon  in  his  expedition  to  Egypt,  and  if  that  general 
had  summoned  them  all  before  him  and  said :  "  I  want  a  man  who  will  go 
.to  the  biggest  of  the  pyramids,  find  its  secret  entrance,  explore,  lamp  in 
■'hand,  its  dark  winding  galleries,  search  its  inmost  penetralia  and  bring 
•out,  if  to  be  found,  the  sarcophagus  of  Cheops  himself" — I  believe  that 
Elisha  Mitchell  would  have  stept  forth  and  Said:  "I'll  try  it."  He 
would  have  been  the  very  man  to  have  joined  Dr.  Kane  in  his  Arctic 
•expedition.  That  daring  navigator  pushed  his  investigations  to  latitude 
82°  30',  the  farthest  hyperborian  point  ever  reached  by  the  foot  of  science, 
.and  laid  down  the  coast  to  within  less  than  8°  of  the  pole.  But  if 
Mitchell  had  been  along  with  him  and  Dr.  Kane  had  detached  him  on 
,an  exploring  trip,  I  should  not  have  wondered  if  the  pole  itself  had  been 
•discovered,  and  Mitchell  had  tied  his  boat  to  the  axis  of  the  earth! 
Shade  of  my  departed  companion!  foi'give  this  sportive  ebullition  to 
which  I  have  been  tempted  by  the  recollection  of  thine, own  jocose  tem- 
per and  playful  spirit.  How  often,  when  I  have  gone  to  thee,  gloomy 
and  fretted  by  some  transient  irritation,  has  thy  contagious  hilarity  and 
sunshiny  face  dispelled  the  cloud  from  my  brow  and  the  spleen  from  my 


temper,  and  I  felt  the  trutli  of  that  inspired  sentiment:  ''As  iron 
sliarpeneth  iron,  so  does  a  man  sharpen  the  countenance  of  his  friend." 
Of  such  a  man  might  be  said,  in  the  beautif  il  hmguage  of  Dr.  Johnson, 
that  "  his  death  has  eclipsed  the  gaiety  of  his  country  and  impoverished 
the  general  stock  of  harmless  pleasure,"  as  well  as  of  valuable  science. 

But,  brothers  of  the  alumni,  I  could  not  excuse  myself,  and  I  should 
but  ill  perform  the  duty  committed  to  me  this  day,  if  I  devoted  the 
whole  of  this  address  to  amusing  or  mournful  reminiscences  of  the  past. 
I  wish  to  say  something  before  I  sit  down,  which  will  be  profitable  for 
the  future.  It  may  be  allowable,  on  a*  joyous  anniversary  like  the 
present,  to  entertain  ourselves  and  our  audience,  with  some  pictures  of 
college  life,  half  a  century  ago.  But  it  becomes  us  as  educated  men,  who 
have  gone  through  the  perils  and  who  have  reaped  the  fruits  of  a  colle- 
giate career,  to  direct  our  thoughts  to  the  great  question  how  these  perils 
may  be  encountered  and  these  advantages  secured  with  the  least  admix- 
ture of  evil.  As  lovers  of  our  common  country — as  North-Carolinians, 
ambitious  of  the  honor  of  our  State — as  men  bound  to  feel  for  those 
many  parents  who  trust  to  these  walls  their  dearest  treasure — their  sons, 
that  are  to  bless  or  to  blast  their  homesteads — we  ought  to  make  it  a 
subject  of  anxious  thought,  how  to  prevent  a  great  college  from  being  a 
great  calamity.  As  men  of  reflection  and  humanity,  we  must  have  been 
often  saddened  by  observing  the  vast  amount  of  icaste  in  human  life, 
human  talent  and  human  happiness,  which  the  spectacle  of  our  colleges 
presents.  That  there  is  a  strong  tendency,  when  large  numbers  of  young 
men  are  congregated  together,  and  live  to  themselves,  with  very  little 
intermixture  with  general  society,  to  become  dissipated,  riotous  and 
lawless,  the  history  of  all  colleges  proves,  both  in  this  country  and  in 
Europe.  The  two  universities  of  England  have  been  long  famous  as  the 
abodes  of  licentiousness  of  all  kinds.  Mr.  Griscom,  one  of  the  most 
respectable  and  intelligent  citizens  of  New  Yo^rk,  visited  Oxford  about 
forty  years  ago,  and  after  witnessing  a  disgraceful  scene  enacted  by  a 
party  of  Students  at  the  hotel*  makes  the  following  reflections :  "  Alas  1 

*  "  Of  the  morality  of  some  of  the  collegians,  I  had  a  most  unfavorable  speci- 
men. Four  or  five  of  tliein  came  in  the  evening,  to  the  inn  where  I  had  taken 
up  my  quarters,  in  the  principal  street  in  the  town.  They  entered  the  coffee 
room,  where  two  or  three  travellers  and  myself  were  sitting  engaged  in  con- 
versation. And  after  surveying  us  and  the  room  for  sometime,  they  went  out 
but  shortly  after  returned,  seated  themselves  in  one  of  the  recesses  into  which 
the  room  was  divided,  and  ordered  supper  and  drink.  Their  conversation 
soon  assumed  a  very  free  cast,  and  eventually  took  such  a  latitude  as,  I  should 
suppose,  would  set  all  Billingsgate  at  defiance.  They  abused  the  waiter,  broke 
a  number  of  things,  tore  the  curtains  that  enclosed  the  recesses — staid  till  near 
twelve  o'clock,  and  then  went  off,  thoroughly  soaked  with  wine,  brandy  and 
hot  toddy.  I  was  told  the  next  morning,  that  two  of  them  were  noblemen." 
(A  very  different  thing  from  noble  men.) — Griscom's  Year  in  Europe,  vol.  L 
pp.  GO,  Gl. 


24 

for  such  au  education  as  tlils.  What  can  Latin  and  Greek  and  all  the 
store  of  learning  and  science  have  to  make  amends  in  an  hour  of  retri- 
bution, for  a  depraved  heart  and  an  understanding  debased  by  such 
vicious  indulgence.  I  cannot  but  cherish  the  hope  that  this  incident 
does  not  furnish  a  fair  specimen  of  the  morals  of  the  students.  It  will 
doubtless  happen,  that  in  so  large  a  number  as  that  here  collected,  in  the 
various  colleges,  many  will  bring  with  them  habits  extremely  unfavorable 
to  morality  and  subordination.  But  from  the  information  derived  from 
my  guide,  who  was  a  moderate  man,  and  certainly  well  informed  with 
respect  to  the  habits  of  the  pl'ace,  and  from  the  observations  which  forced 
themselves  upon  me  in  my  walks  through  the  streets  and  gardens,  this 
evening,  I  am  obliged  to  deduce  the  lamentable  conclusion  that  the 
morals  of  the  nation  are  not  much  benefitted  by  the  direct  influence  of 
this  splendid  scat  of  learning."  And  although  he  inclines  to  the  opinion, 
that  the  state  of  morals  is  not  quite  so  bad  at  Cambridge,  yet  he  admits  it 
to  be  a  doubtful  question,  and  that  this  is  only  a  surmise  of  his  own,  and 
says:  "It  would  be  a  curious  and  interesting  subject  of  inquiry  to  ascer- 
tain, with  as  much  accuracy  as  possible,  the  comparative  morality  of 
Oxford  and  Cambridge,  as  it  is  admitted  that  in  Oxford  the  collegiate 
studies  are  directed  with  paramount  assiduity  to  moral  philosophy  and 
the  higher  range  of  classical  learning,  while  in  Cambridge,  mathematics 
and  natural  philosophy  have  a  transcendent  influence."* 

What  license,  what  scorn,  what  blasphemy,  what  atheism,  must  the 
rowdies  of  Cambridge  feel  at  liberty  to  indulge  in,  when  they  see  the 
disbanded  debauchees  of  the  camp  suddenly  turned  into  pastors,  having 
the  care  of  souls! 

This  testimony  relates  to  the  state  of  things  at  those  celebrated  univer- 
sities forty  years  ago.  Have  things  inproved  there  since  that  date?  Let 
lis  hear  the  testimony  of  Sydney  Smith,  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
literati  of  the  present  century,  whom  none  will  suspect  of  too  austere  and 
puritanical  a  view  of  the  subject.  In  a  letter  written  but  a  few  years 
ago,  to  one  of  his  female  correspondents,  he  says:  "I  feel  for  Mrs. 

*  There  is  one  feature  which  Mr.  Griscom  observed  at  his  visit  to  Cambridge 
which  is  certainly  significant,  and  ominous  of  a  low  state  of  morals.  "Since 
the  late  peace,"  says  he,  [this  was  written  in  1819,  soon  after  the  anti-Napo- 
lean  armies  had  been  disbanded,]  "a  great  number  of  persons,  from  the  army 
and  navy,  have  entered  as  students  of  divinity,  relying  on  family  influence  fur 
promotion,  and  in  consequence  of  such  influence,  no  inconsiderable  number 
have  been  promoted,  and  over  the  heads,  too,  of  others,  who  have  devoted  many 
years  to  the  duties  of  the  university.  Surely  no  wound  can  be  inflicted  on  re- 
ligion more  deep  and  deadly  than  to  place  a  man  by  the  mere  dictum  of  hierar- 
chical authority,  in  the  station  of  a  Christian  minister,  who  is  just  reeking 
from  the  camp,  and  who  has  no  qualifications  either  of  head  or  heart  for  the 
solemn  ofiice,  and  probably  no  taste  for  any  of  its  accompaniments  except  for 
the  loaves  and  fishes."— To?.  2  :  p.  210. 


25 

about  her  son  at  Oxford,  knowing  as  I  do,  that  tte  only  consequences  of 
a  university  education  are  tlie  growth  of  vice  and  the  waste  of  money."* 

In  the  German  universities  so  far  as  reports  have  been  published  among 
us,  the  state  of  morals  is  even  worse,  the  frequent  practice  of  duelling  be- 
ing added  to  the  usual  vices  of  college  life. 

To  come  nearer  home,  what  has  been  the  experience  of  our  neighbor- 
ing sister  South  Carolina?  In  the  beginning  of  this  century,  she  began  to 
awaken  to  the  duty  and  the  policy  of  providing  means  for  the  home  edu- 
cation of  her  sons,  vrho  had  hitherto  been  educated  in  the  Northern  States 
or  in  Europe.  Somewhat  later  than  we,  she  created  a  State  college,  and 
endowed  it  with  that  enlightened  liberality  worthy  of  the  intelligence  and 
opulence  of  her  leading  men.  But,  alas  !  the  history  of  that  college 
proves  how  useless  it  is  to  make  all  these  magnificent  preparations  of  fac- 
ulty, of  library,  of  apparatus  and  of  buildings,  if  there  are  not  materials 
enough  of  the  right  kind  out  of  which  to  make  students — if  the  young- 
men  of  the  country  are  reared  up  in  ease,  idleness  and  luxury,  and  know 
that  they  are  rich  enough  to  do  without  an  education.  "What  is  the  usual 
course  with  such  young  men?  They  go  to  college;  they  there  find  num- 
bers of  idlers  like  themselves,  they  find  study  irksome  and  disgusting, 
pleasure  spreads  out  her  seductions  before  them,  they  are  indulged  with 
plenty  of  money,  and  habits  of  ruinous  dissipation  follow  tis  the  necessary 
results.  If  they  are  sent  home,  what  penalty  there  awaits  them  ?  A  horse 
a  gun,  a  dog,  fine  clothes,  and  the  ladies  !  Who  would  immure  himself 
in  a  college  cell  with  such  companions  as  Thucydides  and  his  crabbed 
Greek,  or  Loomis'  Differential  and  Integral  Calculus,  when  by  going 
down  street  and  '■'  getting  up  a  row,"  he  can  be  sent  home  to  so  much 
pleasanter  employment  and  company  ?  The  result  of  South  Carolina's 
experiment  upon  a  college,  we  have  from  authority  the  most  unsuspicious 
and  authentic.  One  of  the  most  respectable  alumni,  one  of  the  oldest 
judges  on  the  bench  of  that  State  has  given  his  testimony,  which  has 
been  copied  into  most  of  the  newspapers  of  the  land.  "I  have  known 
that  iustitution,"  says  Judge  O'Neall,  "intimately  since  1811,  when  I 
first  entered  its  walls,  and  I  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  one 
fourth  of  its  students  have  been  affected  injuriously  or  destroyed  by  intox- 
icating drinks.  Indeed  I  fully  believe  that  one  fourth  of  its  graduates 
sleep  in  drunkards'  graves."  He  goes  on  to  say,  however,  that  "  notwith- 
standing this  dread  scourge.  South  Carolina  college  has  accomplished  an 
immense  amount  of  good,"  &c.  A  valuable  lesson  was  learned  from  the 
results  of  the  Cooper  administration  of  that  institution.  Dr.  Thomas 
Cooper  was  called  to  the  presidency  from  his  high  reputation  as  a  man  of 
science  and  general  learning,  and  perhajis  with  some  reference  to  his   or- 

""^ifc,  vol.  2 :  p.  402. 


26 

thodoxy  on  political  questions,  then  deeply  agitating  tliat  State.  It  would 
liave  been  hard  to  find  a  man  of  more  multifarious  learning.  He  was  a 
lawyer,  a  statesman,  a  physician,  a  philosopher,  natural  and  moral,  and 
somewhat  even  of  a  theologian  ;  but  withal  he  was  an  infidel,  an  atheist. 
And  the  college  soon  took  tlic  type  of  its  head.  Infidelity  and  irreligion 
took  possession  of  the  seat  and  centre  of  knowlege,  and  therefore  soon  be- 
came rife  through  the  State.  A  State  college  is  the  eye  of  the  body  politic, 
and  "  if  the  eye  be  evil  the  whole  body  shall  be  full  of  darkness."  The 
college  was  broken  down  by  dissipation  and  disorder ;  parents  lost  all 
confidence,  and  durst  not  expose  their  sons  to  the  double  danger  of  infidel 
principles  and  profligate  example.  At  length  Gov.  McDuffie  in  his  mes- 
sage to  the  legislature,  was  obliged  to  report  the  State  college  as  a  failure; 
and  though  an  infidel  himself,  he  candidly  admitted  that  the  prevalence 
of  infidel  sentiments  had  destroyed  the  public  confidence  and  reduced  the 
college  to  its  present  low  condition,  and  he  therefore  advised  a  reorganiza- 
tion of  the  faculty  and  a  new  trial  for  success  under  difi"erent  auspices. 
Accordingly  three  of  the  foremost  men  in  the  State  for  talents  and  reli- 
gious character,  were  installed  as  president  and  professors,  and  a  special 
professorship  was  created  of  Christian  Evidences.  Very  soon  the  college 
regained  its  former  patronage,  religion  was  respected,  the  gospel  powerful- 
ly preached  twice  every  Sunday  in  the  college  chapel,  and  infidelity,  for- 
merly triumphant  and  open-mouthed,  was  now  silent  and  humbled,  if  not 
extinct.  Here  was  an  experiment  whose  fruits  I  trust  will  be  permanent- 
ly and  extensively  useful,  namely :  that  a  literary  institution,  without  the 
religious  element  to  leaven  the  mass,  will  not  be  supported  by  the  people 
of  this  country. 

The  University  of  Virgii^a  had  to  go  through  the  same  experience.  It 
was  the  child  of  Mr.  Jefi'erson,  whose  infidelity  was  well  known  and  had 
a  contagious  influence  on  the  leading  public  men  of  the  State.  No  pro- 
vision was  made  for  any  religious  worship  or  religious  instruction  in  the 
university.  The  institution  for  several  of  the  first  years  of  its  existence 
had  a  bad  name  for  vice  and  irreligion — the  religious  public  mourned  and 
complained  that  the  State  university  founded  and  supported  by  the  votes 
and  the  treasure  of  the  commonwealth^  for  the  education  of  the  sons  of 
the  commonwealth,  should  ignore  Christianity,  and  be  given  up  to  anti- 
christian  influences.  This  was  the  apparent  design,  by  leaving  out  reli- 
gion entirely  in  the  course  of  instruction  and  in  the  appointment  of  officers. 
To  do  Mr.  Jefferson  justice,  this  seems  not  to  have  been  in  his  contempla- 
tion. Unbeliever  as  he  was,  himself,  he  was  too  shrewd  a  politician  and 
too  well  acquainted  with  the  people  of  this  country,  to  attempt  a  literary 
establishment  among  us,  having  none  of  the  moral  and  popular  influences 
of  Christianity.     His  idea  was  this,  as  I  learned  from  his  own  lips,  when 


27 

I  paid  a  visit  to  Monticello,  in  1823,  only  three  years  before  his  death, 
and  but  a  short,  time  before  the  university  went  into  operation.  He 
thought  that  the  established  American  principle  of  non-interference  in  re- 
ligious matters,  and  the  division  of  our  people  into  different  sects,  render- 
ed it  improper  and  impracticable  to  incorporate  in  the  plan  of  the  univer- 
sity any  provision  for  the  teaching  of  religion.  But  it  was  announced 
publicly,  that  all  the  religious  bodies  were  authorized  and  encourao-ed 
to  establish,  at  the  seat  of  the  university,  any  foundations  and  lectureships 
that  they  might  deem  expedient,  and  they  were  promised  the  free  use  of 
the  library  and  of  the  lectures  of  the  academical  department.  This  seems 
to  vindicate  Mr.  Jefferson  on  this  point.  But  as  the  suggestion  above 
mentioned  was  not  adopted  by  the  various  religious  denominations,  after  a 
few  years'  experiment,  the  absence  of  Christianity  was  proved  to  be  a  se- 
rious evil,  and  disreputable  to  the  university.  So  the  faculty  and  students 
by  common  consent,  determined  to  call  a  chaplain  to  perform  the  ordinary 
religious  services,  and  that  they  might  obviate  the  jealousy  of  religious 
sects,  the  chaplain  was  to  be  chosen  from  the  prevalent  religious 
bodies,  in  rotation.  This,  I  believe,  has  worked  well,  and  to  the  satisfac- 
tion of  all.  The  present  arrangements  also  give  to  all  ministers  and  can- 
didates for  the  ministry,  the  privilege  of  attending  gratuitously  the  lec- 
tures of  the  professors,  which,  it  would  seem,  ought  to  appease  all  alarms 
and  silence  all  complaints. 

The  College  of  which  we  boast  ourselves  to  be  sons,  was  founded  in  an 
era  most  dark  an  inauspicious  to  religion — the  close  of  the  last  and  the 
beginning  of  the  present  century.  Our  country  had  just  emerged  from 
a  long,  distressing  war,  and  it  is  well  known  that  war  has  a  hardening  ef- 
fect upon  the  minds  of  men,  familiarizing  them  with  blood  and  death,  and 
rendering  them  skeptical  and  indifferent  in  matters  relating  to  a  'future 
world.  To  this  add  the  overshadowing  influence  of  France.  The  splen- 
dor of  her  philosophers  and  political  economists  had  then  attracted  the  ad- 
miration of  the  world ;  her  powerfu.1  fellowship  in  arms  had  helped  us 
happily  through  our  struggle  for  liberty,  and  then  her  imitation  of  us  in 
bursting  her  own  shackles, — all  these  ties  had  bound  us  to  her  destinies 
with  an  enthusiasm  and  self-sacrifice  which  had  well  nigh  engulphed  us  in 
the  same  devouring  whirlpool  that  finally  swallowed  up  her  first  republic. 
She  reciprocated  all  our  enthusiasm,  and  received  our  Franklin  in  Paris 
with  the  honors  of  a  demi-god,  condensing  into  one  pregnant  Latin  hex- 
ameter his  two  greatest  exploits — the  snatching  of  lightning  from  heaveu, 
and  the  sceptre  from  tyrants : 

"  Eripuit  coelo  fulmen,  sceptrum  que  tyrannis."* 

-X-  Target  the  famous  political  economist,  was  the  author  of  this  beautiful 
eulogium. 


28 

Unliappily  wten  France  overturned  the  throne  and  the  Bastile,  she 
overturned,  with  the  same  convulsive  throes,  the  temple  of  God,  and  set 
up  as  her  only  object  of  worship,  the  goddess  Liberty — liberty  not  only 
from  the  chains  of  despots,  butTrom  all  belief  in  future  responsibility. 
This  portentous  atheism  spread  its  disastrous  influence  over  most  of  our 
public  men,  and  hence  the  works  of  Voltaire  and  his  royal  patron, 
Frederick  of  Prussia,  of  Rousseau,  Helvetius,  Bolingbroke,  Hume,  Gibbon 
and  Paine,  were  found  in  the  libraries  of  our  principal  families,  however 
small  these  libraries  were.  Some  of  these,  presented  by  trustees  and 
others,  were  among  the  most  conspicuous  books  in  our  university  and 
society  libraries,  in  their  early  beginnings.  As  the  coch  was  the  nation- 
al emblem  of  France,  it  is  hardly  vulgar  to  quote  here  our  homely 
proverb :  "  As  the  old  cock  crows  the  young  one  learns."  Our  first 
professors  and  students  caught  the  Gallic  infection;  and  Dr.  Caldwell 
among  his  earliest  difficulties,  had  to  struggle  with  infidelity  in  the 
faculty  and  infidelity  among  the  students;  and  hence,  among  his  sermons 
of  that  date,  many  will  be  found  in  refutation  of  objections  against 
Christianity.  The  same  difficulties  Dr.  Dwight  was  contending  with  at 
Yale  college,  to  the  presidency  of  which  he  was  called  a  few  years  before 
this  dat«.  From  the  commencement  of  Dr.  Caldwell's  administration  the 
christian  religion  has  been  recognised  and  taught  in  this  institution,  and 
its  laws  have  required  the  students  to  attend  such  religious  services  as 
they  were  called  to  by  the  professors.  Since  that  tiuie  the  growth  of  the 
several  ecclesiastical  bodies,  has  made  it  right  and  important  to  consult 
their  wishes  by  representation  in  the  academic  corps;  and  it  would 
seem  that  the  best  practicable  plan  has  been  fallen  on  to  allay  sectarian 
jealousy,  and  to  give  Christianity  such  prominence  in  our  collegiate 
system,  as  to  impress  our  undergraduates  with  the  conviction  that  it  is 
venerated  as  of  divine  origin,  and  as  the  religion  of  our  country. 

But  after  all  this  public  provision  for  the  maintenance  of  religious 
influence  and  of  moral  habits,  it  is  a  lamentable  fact  that  colleges  will 
nourish  within  their  bosom,  a  large  amount  of  vicious  dissipation,  idleness 
and  profusion.  The  two  great  obstacles  to  government  and  incentives  to 
disorder  are  the  congregation  of  large  numbers  of  youth  into  houses  by 
themselves,  and  the  use  of  intoxicating  drinks.  Whether  we  have  not 
made  a  mistake  in  thus  isolating  the  students  from  family  society,  and 
crowding  them  together  in  such  numbers  under  one  roof,  may  admit  of 
painful  doubt.  Judge  O'Neall,  whom  I  quoted  a  little  while  ago,  gives 
it  as  his  decided  conviction,  that  dormitories  ought  to  be  done  away  with, 
and  the  students  distributed  among  respectable  families.  Dr  James  W. 
Alexander^  of  New  York,  one  of  the  first  men  of  this  country,  an  alum- 
nus of  Princeton,  and   for   a   long  time   a   professor  there^  in  a  letter 


29 

received  from  him  a  few  years  since,  says :  "  Of  all  absurd  things  in  the 
world,  one  of  the  most  absurd  is  to  put  a  great  number  of  boys  together, 
in  a  large  building,  to  keep  house  by  themselves."  Tbis  is  the  first 
difficulty,  but  whether  the  plan  proposed  as  a  remedy  would  succeed 
better  has  not,  I  believe,  been  put  to  the  test.  ^Ye  cannot  therefore  say 
of  the  veciipe :  23robatum  est.  The  other  difficulty,  the  use  of  intoxicating 
liquors,  is  the  gigantic  evil  of  colleges,  and  leads  all  reflecting  persons,  as 
well  as  Mr.  G-riscom,  sometimes  to  doubt  whether  all  the  benefits  of 
public  education  are  not  outweighed  by  this  enormous  mischief  to  the 
morals  and  happiness  of  our  families.  War  is,  while  it  lasts,  perhaps  the 
most  terrific  calamity  with  which  our  race  is  scourged.  Pestilence  too, 
now  and  then,  poisons  the  common  element  we  all  do  breathe,  and  more 
than  decimates  our  cities.  These  evils,  however,  are  intermittent.  They 
leave  long  intervals  of  repose  and  healthful  enjoyment.  But  intemper- 
ance, begun  in  youth  and  otten  continued  and  aggravated  through  tedious 
years  of  shame  and  sorrow,  in  so  many  families — this,  this,  is  the  running 
ulcer  of  our  social  body;  this  is  the  perennial,  fetid,  stygian  flood,  that  is 
circling  round  and  round  the  land,  and  pouring  its  poisonous  tide  into 
our  sacred  homes.  This  it  is  which  causes  more  human  hearts  to  ache 
and  more  human  faces  to  blush  than  any  other  cause.  In  vain  have  been 
all  your  temperance  societies.  In  vain  your  temperance  lectures  have 
been  sent  through  the  length  of  the  land — gifted  with  tragic  powers  to 
make  the  public  weep  over  the  horrors  of  drunkenness,  and  with  comic 
powers  to  make  the  drunkard  the  laughing  stock  of  the  world.  In  vain 
have  been  all  these  schemes  to  abate  the  nuisance.  Intemperance  has 
grown  under  all  these  appliances,  like  the  cancer  spreading  under  the 
surgeon's  knife,  or  the  Hydra  multiplying  its  heads  under  the  club  of 

Hercules. 

Alas !  Leviathan  is  not  thus  tamed ; 
Laughed  at  he  laughs  again,  and  stricken  hard, 
Turns  to  the  stroke  his  adamantine  scales, 
That  fear  no  discipline  from  human  hands. 

And  if  this  disease  is  so  pernicious  in  its  sporadic  form,  turning  a  home 
hei'e  and  a  home  there  into  a  habitation  of  wretchedness,  what  must  it  be 
when  concentrated  in  a  public  institution,  a  multitude  countenancing  and 
stimulating  each  other,  ^'despising  the  shame,"  and  by  their  united  strength 
breaking  down  every  barrier !  A  college  thus  tainted  is  like  our  great 
western  river,  with  all  its  swollen  affluents,  bursting  all  the  embankments, 
and  carrying  terror,  and  devastation,  and  malaria  over  the  fruitful  valley 
which  it  ought  to  adorn  and  fertilize.  For  this  single  vice  is  at  the  root 
of  all  collegiate  disturbances  and  delinquencies.  Ofe-very  drinking  stu- 
dent may  be  said  what  was  said  of  Judas  Iscariot :  "  With  the  soj)  featau 
entered  into  him."     Hence  all  the  counsels  of  educators^  all  the  ingenui- 


so 

ty  of  physicians,  all  the  discoveries  of  chemistry,  all  the  wisdom  and  pow- 
er of  legislative  bodies,  should  be  put  in  requisition  to  contend  with  this 
portentous  mischief.  And  he  who  shall  discover  a  cure  or  even  an  alle- 
viation of  this  curse  of  humanity,  will  deserve  a  monument  higher  and 
more  enduring  than  the  pyramids,  and  be  entitled  to  a  gratitude  deeper 
and  wider  than  that  accorded  to  Dr.  Jenner,  who  has  relieved  the  world 
of  the  terrors  of  small  pox.  Premiums  are  offered  for  all  improvements 
in  the  industrial  and  economical  arts,  and  for  the  best  essays  on  all  moral 
subjects;  but  the  richest  premium  will  he  deserve,  who,  by  some  chymic 
art,  shall  make  young  collegians  loathe  intoxicating  drinks,  or  by  some 
happy  improvement  in  political  economy,  shall  drive  ardent  spirits  out  of 
the  land  as  an  article  of  manufacture  or  of  commerce.  The  might  of  man 
has  failed;  may  we  not  appeal  to  the  softer  but  more  potent  influence  of 
tcomanf  Will  not  the  ladies,  themselves  safe  and  superior  to  this  infirmi- 
ty, come  to  the  rescue  of  our  powerless  sex  ?  We  are  called  the  stronger 
.sex  and  they  the  weaker :  but  as  to  temptations  to  vice  they  are  the  stron- 
ger and  we  the  weaker  sex.  I  have  the  same  opinion  of  them  that  Lord 
Chatham  had  of  the  English  soldiers  :  "  They  can  achieve  anything  but 
impossibilities."  *  They  are  not  good  at  making  large  bargains,  I  admit, 
as  is  proved  by  the  price  they  have  agreed  to  give  for  Mt.  Vernon;  but 
even  there,  the  bargain  is  to  their  credit,  showing  that  they  estimate  the 
"value  received,"  not  in  the  worth  of  the  land,  but  in  the  testimony  of 
national  gratitude  and  in  sending  an  embassador  around  the  land  to  teach 
in  honied  accents,  the  grandest  lesson  this  family  of  nations  ca^  learn, 
namely :  by  loving  their  common  father,  to  love  and  cherish  the  united 
republic  which  he  lived  and  labored  and  suffered  to  establish.  Let  those 
Avho  have  entered  with  so  much  zeal  into  this  national  ''  labor  of  love  " 
now  join  their  hearts  in  another,  touching  more  nearly  the  happiness  of 
their  country  and  of  the  world.  Let  them  proclaim  with  their  sovereign 
voice,  from  one  end  of  the  continent  to  the  other,  that  their  smiles  and 
their  hands  are  the  prize  oisuhrietij  alone.  From  all  their  lips  let  there  be 
iheard  the  general  chorus : 

Young  men,  young  men  who  love  your  drink, 
Your  bark  of  hope  and  bliss  must  sink ; 
We'll  never  trust  with  you  our  life — 
You  cannot,  shall  not  have  a  wife. 

I  venture  with  diffidence  to  make  the  following  suggestions.  It  seems 
hopeless  to  put  a  stop  to  the  use  of  all  stimulating  drinks.  All  nations 
have  used  them,  and  God  constituted  wine  with  corn  as  a  part  of  his  spe- 
cial gifts  to  his  people,  in  the  Holy  Land.     Thus  the  inspired  writer  says: 

"■^The  French  have  a  proverb  that  truly  expresses  the  power  of  woman: 
"Les  femmes  pouvent  tout,  parcequ'elles  gouvcrneut  les  personnes  qui 
ffouvernent  tout." 


31 

"  He  causefh  tie  grass  to  grow  for  the  cattle  and  herb  for  the  service  of 
man,  and  wine  that  maketh  glad  the  heart  of  man,  and  oil  to  make  his  face 
to  shine,  and  bread  which  strengtheneth  man's  heart."  Here  you  find 
wine  mentioned  like  grass  and  herb,  and  oil,  and  bread,  as  gifts  equally 
expressive  of  the  kindness  of  Heaven.  What  God  gives  as  a  tonic  and 
stimulant,  along  with  the  nutriment  of  man,  cannot,  if  soberly  and  pru- 
dently used,  be  hurtful  either  to  body  or  mind.  In  conformity  with  these 
providential  bestowments  of  the  old  dispensation,  we  find  the  Saviour,  in 
the  New  Testament,  using  wine  at  his  meals,  though  it  exposed  him  to  the 
slander  of  being  a  wine-bibber — turning  water  into  wine  for  the  use  of  the 
guests,  at  a  marriage  banquet,  and  appointing  wine  to  be  used  at  his  own 
sacred  supper.  Now  I  by  no  means  intend  it  to  be  understood  that  be- 
cause in  that  day  and  country  the  fermented  juice  of  the  grape  was  a  na- 
tive product  and  a  licensed  beverage,  therefore  the  adulterous  and  poison- 
ous mixtures  in  use  among  us  are  lawful  and  expedient;  nor  would  I  be 
understood  as  saying  that  the  banishment  of  even  pure  loine  would  be  be- 
yond the  right  and  duty  of  college  authorities,  any  more  than  it  would  be 
beyond  their  right  to  prohibit  a  certain  kind  of  food,  if  it  was  found  that  that 
kind  of  food  led  generally  to  gluttony  and  sickness.  Besides,  in  modern 
times  so  many  other  beverages  have  been  introduced,  less  dangerous  and 
perhaps  more  nutritious,  that  we  have  less  reason  to  use  the  wine  of  the 
shops,  which  is  anything  else  but  the  juice  of  the  grape.  But  what  I  am 
now  aiming  at  is  this  :  to  inquire  whether  we  could  not,  by  introducing 
the  vine  among  our  agricultural  products,  make  within  ourselves  a  domes- 
tic beverage,  safe  and  pleasant,  and  drive  out  the  pestiferous  liquors,  for- 
eign and  home  made,  which  are  now  the  bane  of  our  land.  An  enlighten- 
ed foreigner  from  Grermany,  Mr.  Schweinitz,  who  was  honored  with  a  seat 
in  the  board  of  trustees,  and  who  used  sometimes  to  visit  this  place,  de- 
clared that  this  locality  where  we  now  are,  was  the  very  country  for  the 
grape  and  the  manufacture  of  wine.  Why  should  not  our  enlightened 
and  more  wealthy  farmers,  who  can  afford  to  make  the  experiment,  instead 
of  forever  moving  round  in  the  same  circle  of  crops,  (corn,  wheat,  cotton, 
tobacco,)  venture  upon  the  culture  of  the  grape  and  an  experiment  in 
wine,  at  first  on  a  small  scale?  *  If  our  country  should  be  found  capable  of 
producing  light  wines  harmless  as  a  common  drink,  it  might  have  a 
greater  effect  in  promoting  temperance  than  the  effort  at  total  abstinence. 

*I  annex  the  following  recent  document  on  this  subject: 

WixE  IX  Ohio. — An  experienced  writer  who  has  one  of  the  best  vineyards 
in  Hamilton  county,  says  that  four  hundred  gallons  of  wine  per  acre  may  he 
safely  depended  upon  this  year,  as  the  product  of  the  grape  croj").  The 
fermented  juice  of  the  grape  readily  commands,  when  new,  an  average  of 
SI  25  per  gallon.  At  the  above  rate  the  crop  will  yield  §500  per  acre-about 
the  most  profitable  crop  that  is  produced  in  this  country. 


32 

It  is  admitted  that  tlie  people  of  France  are  in  general  temperate,  though 
the  use  of  wine  is  universal,  and  that  it  is  a  rare  thing  to  see  a  drunken 
man  in  that  country.  Mr.  Hentz,  formerly  professor  of  French  in  this 
college,  who  spent  his  early  life  in  Paris,  used  to  say  that  he  never  saw  a 
drunken  man  till  he  was  seventeen  years  of  age,  and  that  he  was  at  a  loss 
to  account  for  the  singularity  of  his  behavior,  ascribing  it  to  a  derange- 
ment. This  superior  sobriety  of  that  light,  and  giddy,  and  impetuous 
nation,  cannot  be  attributed  to  any  moral  cause,  amd  is  probably  due  to 
the  fact  that  a  cheap  and  innocuous  beverage  is  accessible  to  every  body. 
In  the  absence  of  wine  from  our  country,  might  not  some  other  innooent 
liquors  be  brought  into  use — beer,  mead,  cider,  raspberry  wine,  &c.?  At 
Princeton,  when  I  was  there  in  1813,  malt  beer  was  a  part  of  the  college 
dinner  j  and  in  Yale  college,  it  was  allowed  as  a  perquisite  to  an  indigent 
student,  to  sell  liquors  of  that  kind  to  the  students ;  whether  it  was  aban- 
doned at  both  of  those  great  institutions,  as  leading  to  injurious  consequen- 
ces, I  never  heard.  I  throw  out  these  suggestions  with  some  apprehen- 
sion lest  a  bad  use  may  be  made  of  them,  but  the  disease  is  so  desperate 
it  warrants  bold  experiments.  From  long  thought  and  experience  and 
from  the  high  authorities  I  have  quoted,  I  have  been  led  to  form  the  the- 
ory of  a  college,  of  which  if  my  audience  will  have  patience  with  me  I  will 
give  them  a  brief  outline.  It  is  impracticable,  to  be  sure,  in  an  old  coun- 
try, and  where  all  the  expenditures  of  buildings  have  been  already  incur- 
red. But  I  cannot  help  desiring  to  avail  myself  of  so  large  an  audience 
to  present  my  thoughts  on  this  subject  for  the  consideration  of  an  enlight- 
ened public.  The  generous  donations  by  Congress  of  extensive  lands  for 
educational  purposes  in  our  new  States,  would  have  furnished,  and  in 
some  may  yet  furnish  most  favorable  opportunities  and  facilities  for  car- 
rying such  a  plan  into  execution  :  Let  a  tract  of  one  or  more  square 
miles,  healthy  and  beautiful  in  its  aspect,  and  having  an  abundance  of  fine 
water,  be  selected  as  the  location.  Let  this  territory  remain,  in  perj)etit- 
wn,  the  property  of  the  trustees  ;  let  not  a  foot  of  it  be  sold.  Let  a  village 
be  laid  out  in  convenient  lots,  and  let  respectable  families  be  invited  to 
lease  them,  for  a  term  of  years,  and  put  up  suitable  houses,  obligating 
themselves  to  take  a  certain  number  of  boarders,  and  to  keep  no  intoxica- 
ting dripks,  under  penalty  of  ejectment.  This  would  give  the  trustees 
a  control  over  the  population,  and  enable  them  to  exclude  all  improper  in- 
habitants. The  only  public  buildings  then  required  would  be  houses  for 
professors  and  public  rooms  for  lectures,  library  and  apparatus  j  and  the 
large  sums  heretofore  expended  in  providing  dormitories  would  be  saved 
for  endowing  professorships  and  scholarships,  and  procuring  library  and 
apparatus.  This  plan  would  promise  to  obviate  the  disturbances  incident 
to  a  steward's  table,  the  disorders  generated  by  having  large  numbers  in 


33 

one  liouse^and  would  if  settlers  of  the  right  sort  could  be  obtained,  promote 
gentility  of  manners  by  intercourse  with  private  families,  and  in  case  of 
sickness  secure  requisite  quiet,  comfort  and  attendance. 

Such  is  the  theory,  and  a  fair  vision  it  affords ;  but  I  am  distrustful  of  all 
theories,  and  I  should  like  to  know  whether  there  is  anywhere  an  institution 
on  this  plan,  and  how  it  works.  Favorers  of  things  as  they  are^  and  conser- 
vatives suspicious  of  innovations,  I  confess  may  overcast  this  fair  vision  with 
forebodings  of  ills  still  greater  than  the  present.  A  prophet  less  hopeful  and 
perhaps  more  sagacious  than  I,  may  descry  looming  in  the  dim  future  visions 
of  landlords  with  broken  heads  for  informing  the  faculty  that,  last  night,  there 
was  a  card  and  wine  party  up  stairs — visions  of  enamored  students  and  love- 
sick daughters  in  every  boarding  house;  Corydon  sighing  for  Chloe,  and 
Chloe  sighing,  not  for  Corydon,  but  for  Daphnis — then  dark  spectres  of  Co- 
rydon, and  Daphnis  in  deadly  strife — Amyntas 

"  Sporting  with  Amaryllis  in  the  shade, 
Or  with  the  tangles  of  Neara's  hair,"* 

instead  of  with  his  Demosthenes  and  Plato, — the  scene  winding  up  with  five 
matches  on  commencement  night  between  so  many  graduates  and  so  many 
daughters  of  their  respective  landlords.  Alas !  I  should  have  to  insert 
among  the  conditions  of  my  Utopian  colony  that  the  landlords  should  have 
no  daughters,  or  should  send  them  all  off  to  school.  These  dark  possibilities 
clouding  my  fairy  vision,  will  I  fear,  prevent  its  ever  being  realized,  and  in- 
duce the  old  fogies  to  fold  their  arms  in  scornful  tranquility,  saying :  "  All 
the  difference  between  the  old  plan  and  the  new  one  will  be,  that  instead  of 
having  one  JEtna,  with  now  and  then  a  ^'  great  blow-out  and  have  done  with 
it,"  you  will  have  fifty  little  smithies,  with  the  roar  of  the  bellows,  the  clang- 
ing of  the  anvil  and  the  showers  of  sparks  forever  annoying  you."  So  we 
see  that  on  this,  as  on  most  subjects,  "  much  might  be  said  on  both  sides." 

After  so  long  an  address,  can  I,  ought  I  to  be  insensible  to  the  flattering  at- 
tention and  marks  of  approbation  with  which  it  has  been  received  ?  I  well 
know  what  has  worked  so  mightily  in  my  favor.  Never  was  speaker  more 
fortunate  in  the  temper  of  the  house.  Among  the  charms  which  according 
to  old  Homer,  Jove  conferred  upon  his  darling  daughter,  Venus,  was  that  of 
pJiilommeides ;  she  was  the  queen  of  smiles,  the  laughter-loving  Aphrodite. 
So  the  presence  of  the  chief  magistrate  of  the  Union  has  made  every  one  joy- 
ous— it  has  given  me  a  laughter-loving  audience,  and  among  them  many  a 
Venus,  with  lambent  lightnings  playing  about  her  eyes,  encircled  with  the 
irresistible  Cestus,  and  with  the  little  rogue  Cupid  sitting  at  her  feet  ever 
sharpening  his  burning  arrows  on  a  bloody  whetstone.*     And  if  I  owe  an 

*Milton's  Lucidas. 

f  "Ridet  Venus,  ferus  et  Cupido, 
Semper  ardentes,  acuens  sagittas, 
Cote  cruenta." — Hor. 


34 

apology  to  my  kind  and  indulgent  audience  for  tlie  parti-colored  character  of 
this  address,  this  motley  mixture  of  the  serious  and  the  ludicrous,  here  is  my 
defence :  Such  is  life,  in  which  shade  and  sunshine  chase  each  other  over 
the  plain — in  which  joy  and  sorrow  rapidly  alternate  in  our  hearts — in  which 
smiles  often  shine  through  our  tears  and  dry  them  up — and  again  tears  start 
forth  and  extiaguish  the  light  of  our  smiles.  Such  is  life,  and  such  did 
Shakspeare,  the  greatest  painter  of  life,  represent  it.  His  pictures  of  man 
are  neither  unmixed  tragedies  nor  unmixed  comedies,  but  tragi-comedies. 
Such  alternations  seem  to  be  our  Creator's  design. 

The  lights  and  shades,  whose  well-accorded  strife. 
Give  all  the  strength  and  color  of  our  life. 

Sorrow  in  advance  makes  the  arrival  of  gladness  more  glad,  and  sorrow 

apprehended  in  the  future  chastises  and  tempers  the  transports  of  present 

pleasure,  and  mingles  all  our  rejoicings  with  salutary  trembling. 

Alas  !  by  some  degree  of  wo, 

We  every  bliss  must  gain ; 
The  heart  can  ne'er  a  transport  know, 

That  never  knew  a  pain. 

And  yet  something  whispers  me  that  the  retrospect  I  have  taken  ought  to 
have  inspired  a  more  serious  strain.  Of  the  long  line  of  alumni  with  whom 
I  have  been  contemporary,  how  few  survive  ! 

Apparent  rari  nantes  in  gurgite  vasto. 
Of  seven  eminent  men  with  whom  I  have  had  the  honor  to  cooperate  as 
professor  in  this  institution,  six  have  now  passed  off  from  the  stage  of  action. 
Caldwell,  Hentz,  Mitchell,  Andrews,  Anderson  and  Olmsted  are  no  more. 
Their  accents  which  once  contributed  to  enlighten  aad  adorn  our  state,  are 
now  hushed  in  the  voiceless  grave,  and  perhaps  ere  another  anniversary  re- 
volves around,  and  brings  you  together  again,  the  two  who  yet  remain  will  be 
gathered  with  those  who  have  gone  before  them.  To  one  who  looks  back 
fifty  or  sixty  years,  what  a  shadow  is  man  !  how  fleeting,  how  trifling  do  seem 
all  his  interests  and  schemes,  his  hopes  and  his  fears !  The  thought  extorted 
a  sigh  even  from  a  pagan  moralist : 

"0!  curas  hominum  !  0!  quantum  est  in  rebus  inane."* 
How  fading  the  honors  of  earth,  how  empty  the  applause  of  men  !  But 
happy,  thrice  happy  we,  that  this  fading  pageant  is  not  all, — that  our  death- 
less souls  never  satisfied  with  the  limited  and  transient,  and  always  reaching 
after  something  illimitable  and  infinite,  shall,  if  puried  by  religion  enter  up- 
on a  state  where  all  our  companions  and  joy  shall  be  perfect  and  unchangea- 
ble: 

Where  Time,  and  Pain,  and  Chance  and  Death  expire ; 

Where  momentary  ages  are  no  more ; 

Where  seraphs  gather  immortality, 

On  Life's  fair  tree,  fast  by  the  throne  of  God. 

*Persius. 


y 


